566 lines
21 KiB
Python
566 lines
21 KiB
Python
import argparse
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import csv
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import io
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import tempfile
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import zipfile
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from pathlib import Path
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import polars as pl
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import pyarrow as pa
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import pyarrow.csv as pa_csv
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import pyarrow.parquet as pq
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from pipeline.local_temp import local_tmp_dir
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from ..utils import (
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fuzzy_join_on_postcode,
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normalize_address_key,
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normalize_postcode_key,
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)
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pl.Config.set_tbl_cols(-1)
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RATING_RANK = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3, "D": 4, "E": 5, "F": 6, "G": 7}
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# Value-quality floor for price aggregations. A flat nominal floor is a blunt
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# tool against a deflating threshold — £50k was completely normal for a 1990s
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# house, so a 50k floor wrongly discarded ~a third of legitimate 1990s
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# open-market sales (and deleted properties whose only sales were old/cheap),
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# biasing early-year price history upward. 10k recovers the large [10k,50k)
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# band of genuine cheaper sales while still excluding the nominal/junk transfers
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# (£1 etc.). A small tail of real sub-10k sales is still dropped — a deliberate
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# conservative tradeoff to keep clearly-implausible transfers out.
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MIN_PRICE = 10_000
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# Plausible construction-year range; band-derived years outside it (e.g. OCR
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# noise like 1012 or 2202) are nulled rather than published.
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MIN_BUILD_YEAR = 1700
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MAX_BUILD_YEAR = 2030
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# Plausibility bounds for raw EPC dimensions. EPC lodgements contain data-entry
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# errors (0 m storey heights, 116 m "interior height", 9,210 m² floor areas, 99
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# habitable rooms) that otherwise propagate verbatim into the published per-
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# property columns. Values outside these bands are nulled (treated as unknown)
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# rather than shown. Bounds are deliberately wide so only clear errors are cut.
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MIN_FLOOR_HEIGHT_M = 1.5 # below this a storey is not habitable
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MAX_FLOOR_HEIGHT_M = 6.0 # above this is a data error, not a normal storey
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MAX_TOTAL_FLOOR_AREA_M2 = 2000.0 # ~21,500 sqft; larger is a bulk/garbage record
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MAX_HABITABLE_ROOMS = 20 # dwellings above this are data errors
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def epc_band_to_year(band: pl.Expr) -> pl.Expr:
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"""Map an EPC construction age band to a single representative build year.
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EPC age bands are ranges (e.g. ``1950-1966``); we use the band MIDPOINT
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(1958) rather than the lower bound, which previously biased every band-derived
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year ~10-15 years too young. Open-ended lower bands (``before 1900``) are too
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wide to pin to a year and return null. Single-year / ``... onwards`` bands use
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that year. Already-numeric inputs (a year produced by an earlier call) pass
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through unchanged. Years outside [MIN_BUILD_YEAR, MAX_BUILD_YEAR] are nulled.
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"""
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text = (
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band.cast(pl.Utf8)
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.str.replace("England and Wales: ", "")
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.str.replace(" onwards", "")
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)
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low = text.str.extract(r"(\d{4})", 1).cast(pl.Int32, strict=False)
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high = text.str.extract(r"(\d{4})\D+(\d{4})", 2).cast(pl.Int32, strict=False)
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year = (
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pl.when(text.str.starts_with("before "))
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.then(None)
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.when(high.is_not_null())
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.then(((low + high) / 2).round(0).cast(pl.Int32))
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.otherwise(low)
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)
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return (
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pl.when((year >= MIN_BUILD_YEAR) & (year <= MAX_BUILD_YEAR))
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.then(year)
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.otherwise(None)
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.cast(pl.UInt16, strict=False)
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)
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EPC_SOURCE_COLUMNS = [
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"address",
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"postcode",
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"uprn",
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"current_energy_rating",
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"potential_energy_rating",
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"property_type",
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"built_form",
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"inspection_date",
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"total_floor_area",
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"number_habitable_rooms",
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"floor_height",
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"construction_age_band",
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"tenure",
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]
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def _normalise_csv_columns(columns: list[str]) -> list[str]:
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return [column.strip().lower() for column in columns]
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def _clean_string(column: str) -> pl.Expr:
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stripped = pl.col(column).cast(pl.String).str.strip_chars()
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return pl.when(stripped == "").then(None).otherwise(stripped)
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def _clean_number(column: str, dtype: pl.DataType) -> pl.Expr:
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return _clean_string(column).cast(dtype, strict=False)
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def _join_address_parts(*columns: str) -> pl.Expr:
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"""Join address components into one display address, single-spaced.
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Price-paid SAON/PAON/STREET are EMPTY STRINGS (not null) when absent —
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saon is "" on ~88% of rows — and ``concat_str(..., ignore_nulls=True)``
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skips only nulls, so empty components still contributed their separator
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(``' 10 PALACE GREEN'``, doubled spaces when a middle part was empty).
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Convert ``''``→null per component so ignore_nulls works as intended, then
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defensively collapse residual whitespace runs and strip the result. A
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fully-empty address becomes null (dropped by the downstream
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``pp_address.is_not_null()`` filter) instead of whitespace junk.
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"""
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joined = pl.concat_str(
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[_clean_string(column) for column in columns],
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separator=" ",
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ignore_nulls=True,
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)
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cleaned = joined.str.replace_all(r"\s+", " ").str.strip_chars()
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return pl.when(cleaned == "").then(None).otherwise(cleaned)
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def _select_epc_columns(raw: pl.LazyFrame) -> pl.LazyFrame:
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return (
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raw.select(
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_clean_string("address").alias("epc_address"),
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_clean_string("postcode").str.to_uppercase().alias("epc_postcode"),
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# UPRN keys an exact listing->EPC join downstream (~99% populated).
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_clean_string("uprn").alias("uprn"),
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_clean_string("current_energy_rating")
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.str.to_uppercase()
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.alias("current_energy_rating"),
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_clean_string("potential_energy_rating")
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.str.to_uppercase()
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.alias("potential_energy_rating"),
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_clean_string("property_type").alias("epc_property_type"),
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_clean_string("built_form").alias("built_form"),
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# Parse to a real Date once (unparseable/blank -> null) so dedup can
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# sort newest-first with nulls_last and _event_year can use dt.year();
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# a lexicographic string sort would let a null/garbled date win under
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# Polars' default nulls-first descending order. EPC inspection dates
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# are ISO (YYYY-MM-DD).
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_clean_string("inspection_date")
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.str.to_date(format="%Y-%m-%d", strict=False)
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.alias("inspection_date"),
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_clean_number("total_floor_area", pl.Float64).alias("total_floor_area"),
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_clean_number("number_habitable_rooms", pl.Int16).alias(
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"number_habitable_rooms"
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),
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_clean_number("floor_height", pl.Float64).alias("floor_height"),
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_clean_string("construction_age_band").alias("construction_age_band"),
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_clean_string("tenure").alias("tenure"),
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)
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.filter(pl.col("epc_address").is_not_null())
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.with_columns(
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# Null implausible EPC dimensions so data-entry errors don't reach
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# the published per-property columns (Interior height, Total floor
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# area, Number of bedrooms & living rooms). Treated as unknown.
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pl.when(
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(pl.col("number_habitable_rooms") >= 1)
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& (pl.col("number_habitable_rooms") <= MAX_HABITABLE_ROOMS)
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)
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.then(pl.col("number_habitable_rooms"))
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.otherwise(None)
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.alias("number_habitable_rooms"),
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pl.when(
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pl.col("floor_height").is_between(
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MIN_FLOOR_HEIGHT_M, MAX_FLOOR_HEIGHT_M
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)
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)
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.then(pl.col("floor_height"))
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.otherwise(None)
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.alias("floor_height"),
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pl.when(pl.col("total_floor_area") <= MAX_TOTAL_FLOOR_AREA_M2)
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.then(pl.col("total_floor_area"))
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.otherwise(None)
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.alias("total_floor_area"),
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)
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)
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def _certificate_member_names(zip_file: zipfile.ZipFile) -> list[str]:
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return sorted(
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name
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for name in zip_file.namelist()
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if not name.endswith("/")
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and Path(name).name.lower().startswith("certificates")
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and name.lower().endswith(".csv")
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)
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def _read_zip_csv_header(zip_file: zipfile.ZipFile, member_name: str) -> list[str]:
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with zip_file.open(member_name) as member:
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text = io.TextIOWrapper(member, encoding="utf-8-sig", newline="")
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try:
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return next(csv.reader(text))
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except StopIteration as exc:
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raise ValueError(f"EPC CSV member is empty: {member_name}") from exc
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def _source_columns_for_header(header: list[str]) -> list[str]:
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columns_by_normalised_name = {
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normalised: source
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for source, normalised in zip(header, _normalise_csv_columns(header))
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}
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return [
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columns_by_normalised_name.get(column, column) for column in EPC_SOURCE_COLUMNS
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]
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def _zip_certificates_to_parquet(zip_path: Path, output_path: Path) -> None:
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schema = pa.schema((column, pa.string()) for column in EPC_SOURCE_COLUMNS)
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writer = pq.ParquetWriter(output_path, schema=schema, compression="zstd")
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try:
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try:
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zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path)
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except zipfile.BadZipFile as exc:
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raise ValueError(
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f"{zip_path} is not a readable EPC zip archive; re-download "
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"domestic-csv.zip and try again"
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) from exc
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with zip_file:
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member_names = _certificate_member_names(zip_file)
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if not member_names:
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raise ValueError(f"No certificate CSV files found in {zip_path}")
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for member_name in member_names:
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print(f"Reading EPC certificates from {member_name}")
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source_columns = _source_columns_for_header(
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_read_zip_csv_header(zip_file, member_name)
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)
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convert_options = pa_csv.ConvertOptions(
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include_columns=source_columns,
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include_missing_columns=True,
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column_types={
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source_column: pa.string() for source_column in source_columns
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},
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strings_can_be_null=True,
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)
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read_options = pa_csv.ReadOptions(block_size=64 * 1024 * 1024)
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with zip_file.open(member_name) as member:
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reader = pa_csv.open_csv(
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member,
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read_options=read_options,
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convert_options=convert_options,
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)
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while True:
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try:
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batch = reader.read_next_batch()
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except StopIteration:
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break
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if batch.num_rows == 0:
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continue
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writer.write_batch(batch.rename_columns(EPC_SOURCE_COLUMNS))
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finally:
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writer.close()
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def _scan_epc_certificates(epc_path: Path, temp_dir: Path) -> pl.LazyFrame:
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if epc_path.suffix.lower() == ".zip":
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parquet_path = temp_dir / "epc-certificates.parquet"
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_zip_certificates_to_parquet(epc_path, parquet_path)
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raw = pl.scan_parquet(parquet_path)
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else:
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raw = pl.scan_csv(
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epc_path,
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infer_schema=False,
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with_column_names=_normalise_csv_columns,
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)
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return _select_epc_columns(raw)
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def main():
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parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Fuzzy join EPC and Price Paid data")
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parser.add_argument(
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"--epc", type=Path, required=True, help="EPC certificates CSV file or zip"
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)
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parser.add_argument(
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"--price-paid", type=Path, required=True, help="Price paid parquet file"
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)
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parser.add_argument(
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"--output", type=Path, required=True, help="Output parquet file path"
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)
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args = parser.parse_args()
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with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(
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prefix="epc_certificates_", dir=local_tmp_dir()
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) as tmpdir:
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_run(args.epc, args.price_paid, args.output, Path(tmpdir))
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def _run(epc_path: Path, price_paid_path: Path, output_path: Path, temp_dir: Path):
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epc_base = _scan_epc_certificates(epc_path, temp_dir).with_columns(
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normalize_address_key(pl.col("epc_address")).alias("_epc_match_address"),
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normalize_postcode_key(pl.col("epc_postcode")).alias("_epc_match_postcode"),
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)
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# Dedup fork: keep latest certificate per property. inspection_date is a typed
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# Date (see _select_epc_columns); nulls_last keeps a real-dated cert ahead of a
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# null/unparseable-dated one so the genuinely newest certificate is chosen.
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epc = (
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epc_base.sort("inspection_date", descending=True, nulls_last=True)
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.group_by("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.first()
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.drop("tenure")
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)
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# Events fork: detect renovation events between consecutive certificates
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# Collect eagerly because .over() window functions don't work in streaming
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# engine (fuzzy_join.py:50 uses sink_parquet which requires streaming).
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events = (
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epc_base.sort("inspection_date")
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.with_columns(
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pl.col("current_energy_rating")
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.replace_strict(RATING_RANK, default=None, return_dtype=pl.Int32)
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.alias("_rating_rank"),
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)
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.with_columns(
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pl.col("number_habitable_rooms")
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.shift(1)
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.over("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.alias("_prev_rooms"),
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pl.col("total_floor_area")
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.shift(1)
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.over("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.alias("_prev_area"),
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pl.col("_rating_rank")
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.shift(1)
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.over("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.alias("_prev_rating_rank"),
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)
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.with_columns(
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pl.when(
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pl.col("number_habitable_rooms").is_not_null()
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& pl.col("_prev_rooms").is_not_null()
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& (pl.col("number_habitable_rooms") != pl.col("_prev_rooms"))
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)
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.then(pl.lit("Remodelling"))
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.when(
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pl.col("total_floor_area").is_not_null()
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& pl.col("_prev_area").is_not_null()
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& (pl.col("total_floor_area") > pl.col("_prev_area"))
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)
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.then(pl.lit("Extension"))
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.when(
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pl.col("_rating_rank").is_not_null()
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& pl.col("_prev_rating_rank").is_not_null()
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& (pl.col("_rating_rank") < pl.col("_prev_rating_rank"))
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)
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.then(pl.lit("Renovation"))
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.otherwise(pl.lit(None, dtype=pl.String))
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.alias("_event"),
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)
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.filter(pl.col("_event").is_not_null())
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.with_columns(
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pl.col("inspection_date").dt.year().cast(pl.Int32).alias("_event_year"),
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)
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.group_by("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.agg(
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pl.struct(
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pl.col("_event_year").alias("year"),
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pl.col("_event").alias("event"),
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).alias("renovation_history"),
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)
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.collect()
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)
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event_counts = (
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events["renovation_history"].explode().struct.field("event").value_counts()
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)
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print(f"Renovation events: {events.height} properties with events")
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print(event_counts)
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# Social tenure fork: flag properties that were ever social housing
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social_tenure = (
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epc_base.filter(pl.col("tenure").str.to_lowercase().str.contains("social"))
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.select("_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode")
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.unique()
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.with_columns(pl.lit("Yes").alias("was_council_house"))
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.collect()
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)
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print(f"Former council houses (EPC social tenure): {social_tenure.height}")
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# Left-join events and social tenure back onto dedup EPC
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epc = (
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epc.join(
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events.lazy(),
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on=["_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode"],
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how="left",
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)
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.join(
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social_tenure.lazy(),
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on=["_epc_match_address", "_epc_match_postcode"],
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how="left",
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)
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.with_columns(
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pl.col("was_council_house").fill_null("No"),
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)
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)
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print("EPC dataset")
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print(epc.head().collect())
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|
|
# https://www.gov.uk/guidance/about-the-price-paid-data
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property_type_map = {
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"D": "Detached",
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"S": "Semi-Detached",
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"T": "Terraced",
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"F": "Flats/Maisonettes",
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"O": "Other",
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}
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duration_map = {"F": "Freehold", "L": "Leasehold"}
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# price >= MIN_PRICE and ppd_category == "A" (standard open-market sale) are
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# VALUE-QUALITY filters: they gate the price aggregations only. Category B
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# entries (repossessions, bulk/portfolio, power-of-sale transfers) and sub-MIN
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# sales must not pollute latest_price / historical_prices (and the downstream
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# price-per-sqm feature), but they MUST still count for first_transfer_date /
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# old_new so a new-build's genuine earliest transfer year is preserved.
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price_ok = pl.col("price") >= MIN_PRICE
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category_ok = pl.col("ppd_category") == "A"
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quality_ok = price_ok & category_ok
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price_paid = (
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pl.scan_parquet(price_paid_path)
|
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.select(
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"price",
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"date_of_transfer",
|
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pl.col("property_type")
|
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.alias("pp_property_type")
|
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.replace(property_type_map),
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pl.col("postcode").str.strip_chars(),
|
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"paon",
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"saon",
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"street",
|
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"locality",
|
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"town_city",
|
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pl.col("duration").replace(duration_map),
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"old_new",
|
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"ppd_category",
|
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)
|
|
.filter(pl.col("pp_property_type") != "Other")
|
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.with_columns(
|
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_join_address_parts("saon", "paon", "street").alias("pp_address"),
|
|
)
|
|
.with_columns(
|
|
normalize_address_key(pl.col("pp_address")).alias("_pp_match_address"),
|
|
normalize_postcode_key(pl.col("postcode")).alias("_pp_match_postcode"),
|
|
)
|
|
.filter(pl.col("_pp_match_postcode").is_not_null())
|
|
.with_columns(
|
|
pl.coalesce("_pp_match_address", "pp_address").alias("_pp_group_address"),
|
|
pl.col("_pp_match_postcode").alias("_pp_group_postcode"),
|
|
)
|
|
.filter(pl.col("pp_address").is_not_null())
|
|
.sort("date_of_transfer")
|
|
.group_by("_pp_group_address", "_pp_group_postcode", maintain_order=True)
|
|
.agg(
|
|
pl.col("pp_address").last(),
|
|
pl.col("postcode").last(),
|
|
pl.col("_pp_match_address").last(),
|
|
pl.col("_pp_match_postcode").last(),
|
|
# Price aggregations are restricted to quality-passing sales.
|
|
pl.struct(
|
|
pl.col("date_of_transfer").dt.year().alias("year"),
|
|
pl.col("date_of_transfer").dt.month().cast(pl.UInt8).alias("month"),
|
|
"price",
|
|
)
|
|
.filter(quality_ok)
|
|
.alias("historical_prices"),
|
|
pl.col("pp_property_type").last(),
|
|
pl.col("duration").last(),
|
|
pl.col("price").filter(quality_ok).last().alias("latest_price"),
|
|
pl.col("date_of_transfer").filter(quality_ok).last(),
|
|
# first_transfer_date / old_new reflect the genuine earliest transfer
|
|
# over the full per-group transaction stream (not value-filtered).
|
|
pl.col("date_of_transfer").first().alias("first_transfer_date"),
|
|
pl.col("old_new").first(),
|
|
)
|
|
# Preserve the property universe: previously a property needed >=1 sale
|
|
# >=MIN_PRICE to form a group, so drop groups with no quality-passing sale.
|
|
.filter(pl.col("latest_price").is_not_null())
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
print("Price paid dataset")
|
|
print(price_paid.head().collect())
|
|
|
|
joined = (
|
|
fuzzy_join_on_postcode(
|
|
left=price_paid,
|
|
right=epc,
|
|
left_address_col="pp_address",
|
|
right_address_col="epc_address",
|
|
left_postcode_col="postcode",
|
|
right_postcode_col="epc_postcode",
|
|
)
|
|
.drop("epc_postcode")
|
|
.collect(engine="streaming")
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
matched = joined.filter(
|
|
pl.col("epc_address").is_not_null() & pl.col("pp_address").is_not_null()
|
|
)
|
|
total = joined.height
|
|
print(f"Unique properties: {total}")
|
|
print(f"Matched: {matched.height} ({100 * matched.height / total:.1f}%)")
|
|
print(f"Unmatched: {total - matched.height}")
|
|
|
|
# For new-builds (old_new == "Y"), use the first transaction date year as
|
|
# the exact construction date; otherwise fall back to the EPC age band.
|
|
epc_band_year = epc_band_to_year(pl.col("construction_age_band"))
|
|
transfer_year = (
|
|
pl.col("first_transfer_date").dt.year().cast(pl.UInt16, strict=False)
|
|
)
|
|
is_new_build = pl.col("old_new") == "Y"
|
|
|
|
joined = joined.with_columns(
|
|
pl.when(is_new_build & transfer_year.is_not_null())
|
|
.then(transfer_year)
|
|
.otherwise(epc_band_year)
|
|
.alias("construction_age_band"),
|
|
pl.when(is_new_build & transfer_year.is_not_null())
|
|
.then(pl.lit(0, dtype=pl.UInt8))
|
|
.when(epc_band_year.is_not_null())
|
|
.then(pl.lit(1, dtype=pl.UInt8))
|
|
.otherwise(pl.lit(None, dtype=pl.UInt8))
|
|
.alias("is_construction_date_approximate"),
|
|
).drop(
|
|
[
|
|
"old_new",
|
|
"first_transfer_date",
|
|
"_pp_match_address",
|
|
"_pp_match_postcode",
|
|
"_pp_group_address",
|
|
"_pp_group_postcode",
|
|
"_epc_match_address",
|
|
"_epc_match_postcode",
|
|
],
|
|
strict=False,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
joined = joined.rename({col: col.lower() for col in joined.columns})
|
|
|
|
print(joined.head())
|
|
joined.write_parquet(output_path)
|
|
print(f"Wrote {output_path}")
|
|
|
|
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
main()
|