spill

docker-compose.yml

@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ services:
             # Fallback only — the binary uses jemalloc as its global allocator
             # (tuned via a baked-in malloc_conf). Caps glibc to 2 arenas.
             MALLOC_ARENA_MAX: "2"
+            # Dev only: spill the large property arrays (feature matrix +
+            # address-search index, ~4GB) to disk and memory-map them read-only
+            # instead of holding them in RAM, so a low-memory box can run the full
+            # dataset. Points at the `target` volume (real disk, not host-synced,
+            # not tmpfs). Comment out to keep everything resident (prod behaviour).
+            SPILL_DIR: /app/server-rs/target/spill
             POCKETBASE_URL: http://pocketbase:8090
             POCKETBASE_ADMIN_EMAIL: *pb-email
             POCKETBASE_ADMIN_PASSWORD: *pb-password

server-rs/Cargo.lock

@@ -3887,6 +3887,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hmac 0.13.0",
  "lasso",
  "libc",
+ "memmap2",
  "metrics",
  "metrics-exporter-prometheus",
  "parking_lot",

server-rs/Cargo.toml

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ urlencoding = "2"
 url = "2"
 rust_xlsxwriter = "0.94"
 pmtiles = { version = "0.23", features = ["mmap-async-tokio"] }
+# Read-only mmap backing for the large property arrays under the `--spill-dir`
+# dev flag (see data/spill.rs); lets a low-memory dev box page them from disk.
+memmap2 = "0.9"
 rand = "0.10"
 hmac = "0.13"
 sha2 = "0.11"

server-rs/src/data.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod places;
 mod poi;
 mod postcodes;
 mod property;
+pub mod spill;
 pub mod travel_time;
 
 /// Apostrophe-like code points that should be elided (not treated as word breaks) when

server-rs/src/data/property/loading.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use super::address_search::{
 use super::poi_metrics::{PostcodePoiMetrics, NO_POI_METRIC_ROW};
 use super::stats::{column_to_f32_vec, compute_feature_stats, FeatureStats, Histogram};
 use super::{HistoricalPrice, PropertyData, RenovationEvent, TenureEvent};
+use crate::data::spill::SpillVec;
 
 const MISSING_COORDINATE_SAMPLE_LIMIT: usize = 10;
 const COUNTRY_COLUMN_CANDIDATES: &[&str] = &[
@@ -160,11 +161,25 @@ fn validate_no_england_rows_missing_coordinates(
 }
 
 impl PropertyData {
-    pub fn load(properties_path: &Path, postcode_features_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+    /// Load the property data. When `spill` is `Some(dir)`, the large flat arrays
-        crate::data::run_polars_io(|| Self::load_inner(properties_path, postcode_features_path))
+    /// (the feature matrix and the address-search index) are written to anonymous
+    /// files in `dir` and memory-mapped read-only instead of held on the heap —
+    /// the `--spill-dir` dev flag, which lets a low-memory box page them from disk.
+    pub fn load(
+        properties_path: &Path,
+        postcode_features_path: &Path,
+        spill: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        crate::data::run_polars_io(|| {
+            Self::load_inner(properties_path, postcode_features_path, spill)
+        })
     }
 
-    fn load_inner(properties_path: &Path, postcode_features_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+    fn load_inner(
+        properties_path: &Path,
+        postcode_features_path: &Path,
+        spill: Option<&Path>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         // Load postcode.parquet
         tracing::info!(
             "Loading postcode features from {:?}",
@@ -1011,7 +1026,14 @@ impl PropertyData {
         // Transpose to row-major AND apply spatial permutation in one pass.
         // Combines numeric and enum features into a single feature_data array, quantized to u16.
         tracing::info!("Transposing to row-major layout (spatially sorted, quantized to u16)");
-        let mut feature_data = vec![NAN_U16; row_count * num_features];
+        // Built in place so that under `--spill-dir` the 3GB matrix lands straight
+        // in the mmap-backed file and never also exists on the heap.
+        let feature_data = SpillVec::build_u16(
+            row_count * num_features,
+            NAN_U16,
+            spill,
+            "feature_data",
+            |feature_data| {
                 feature_data
                     .par_chunks_mut(num_features)
                     .enumerate()
@@ -1024,7 +1046,8 @@ impl PropertyData {
                                 let range = quant_range[feat_idx];
                                 if range > 0.0 {
                                     let normalized = (value - quant_min[feat_idx]) / range;
-                            (normalized * QUANT_SCALE).round().clamp(0.0, QUANT_SCALE) as u16
+                                    (normalized * QUANT_SCALE).round().clamp(0.0, QUANT_SCALE)
+                                        as u16
                                 } else {
                                     0
                                 }
@@ -1042,6 +1065,32 @@ impl PropertyData {
                             };
                         }
                     });
+            },
+        )?;
+
+        // Spill the remaining large flat arrays (the address-search index) to disk
+        // when configured. The posting-list hashmaps and interners stay on the heap
+        // — they aren't flat arrays, and they're a small fraction of the footprint.
+        let address_buffer =
+            SpillVec::maybe_spill(address_buffer.into_bytes(), spill, "address_buffer")?;
+        let address_offsets = SpillVec::maybe_spill(address_offsets, spill, "address_offsets")?;
+        let address_lengths = SpillVec::maybe_spill(address_lengths, spill, "address_lengths")?;
+        let address_search_token_keys = SpillVec::maybe_spill(
+            address_search_token_keys,
+            spill,
+            "address_search_token_keys",
+        )?;
+        let address_search_token_offsets = SpillVec::maybe_spill(
+            address_search_token_offsets,
+            spill,
+            "address_search_token_offsets",
+        )?;
+        let address_search_token_lengths = SpillVec::maybe_spill(
+            address_search_token_lengths,
+            spill,
+            "address_search_token_lengths",
+        )?;
+        let postcode_keys = SpillVec::maybe_spill(postcode_keys, spill, "postcode_keys")?;
 
         tracing::info!("Data loading complete");
 

server-rs/src/data/property/mod.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::consts::NAN_U16;
+use crate::data::spill::SpillVec;
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Clone)]
 pub struct RenovationEvent {
@@ -61,7 +62,9 @@ pub struct PropertyData {
     /// Quantized to u16. NaN sentinel = u16::MAX (65535).
     /// Numeric features: encoded via (val - min) / range * 65534.
     /// Enum features: stored directly as u16 cast of the f32 index.
-    pub feature_data: Vec<u16>,
+    /// Heap-resident in prod; mmap-backed under `--spill-dir` (the largest array,
+    /// so the biggest dev-memory win). Derefs to `[u16]`, so reads are unchanged.
+    pub feature_data: SpillVec<u16>,
     /// Per-feature: range / QUANT_SCALE for fast decode.
     dequant_a: Vec<f32>,
     /// Per-feature: minimum value (offset for dequantization).
@@ -72,15 +75,16 @@ pub struct PropertyData {
     pub poi_metrics: PostcodePoiMetrics,
     /// Unquantized last sale price used by the price-history chart.
     last_known_price_raw: Vec<f32>,
-    /// Contiguous buffer holding all address strings end-to-end.
+    /// Contiguous buffer holding all address strings end-to-end (valid UTF-8 by
-    address_buffer: String,
+    /// construction; spillable, so stored as bytes rather than `String`).
+    address_buffer: SpillVec<u8>,
     /// Byte offset into `address_buffer` where each row's address starts.
-    address_offsets: Vec<u32>,
+    address_offsets: SpillVec<u32>,
     /// Length in bytes of each row's address.
-    address_lengths: Vec<u16>,
+    address_lengths: SpillVec<u16>,
     /// Interned postcodes: reader is thread-safe, keys index into it.
     postcode_interner: lasso::RodeoReader,
-    postcode_keys: Vec<lasso::Spur>,
+    postcode_keys: SpillVec<lasso::Spur>,
     /// Rows for each postcode, keyed by the interned postcode key.
     postcode_row_index: FxHashMap<lasso::Spur, Vec<u32>>,
     /// Inverted index from address tokens to property rows.
@@ -91,11 +95,11 @@ pub struct PropertyData {
     /// Resolve-only (no string->key reverse map): scoring only resolves keys.
     address_search_interner: lasso::RodeoResolver,
     /// Flat per-row normalized address-search token keys.
-    address_search_token_keys: Vec<lasso::Spur>,
+    address_search_token_keys: SpillVec<lasso::Spur>,
     /// Offset into `address_search_token_keys` for each row.
-    address_search_token_offsets: Vec<u32>,
+    address_search_token_offsets: SpillVec<u32>,
     /// Number of normalized address-search token keys for each row.
-    address_search_token_lengths: Vec<u16>,
+    address_search_token_lengths: SpillVec<u16>,
     /// For enum features: maps feature index to list of possible string values.
     /// Index in values list corresponds to the u16 value stored in feature_data.
     pub enum_values: rustc_hash::FxHashMap<usize, Vec<String>>,
@@ -123,7 +127,11 @@ impl PropertyData {
     pub fn address(&self, row: usize) -> &str {
         let offset = self.address_offsets[row] as usize;
         let length = self.address_lengths[row] as usize;
-        &self.address_buffer[offset..offset + length]
+        let bytes = &self.address_buffer[offset..offset + length];
+        // SAFETY: `address_buffer` is built by concatenating `&str` slices on UTF-8
+        // char boundaries, so every recorded `[offset, offset + length)` range is
+        // valid UTF-8.
+        unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(bytes) }
     }
 
     /// Get the postcode string for a given row.
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ impl PropertyData {
 
     /// Get postcode components for field-level borrowing (avoids conflicting borrows with feature_data).
     pub fn postcode_parts(&self) -> (&lasso::RodeoReader, &[lasso::Spur]) {
-        (&self.postcode_interner, &self.postcode_keys)
+        (&self.postcode_interner, self.postcode_keys.as_slice())
     }
 
     /// Property rows for a given postcode string, or empty if unknown.
@@ -229,25 +237,25 @@ impl PropertyData {
             feature_names: Vec::new(),
             num_features: 0,
             num_numeric: 0,
-            feature_data: Vec::new(),
+            feature_data: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
             dequant_a: Vec::new(),
             quant_min: Vec::new(),
             quant_range: Vec::new(),
             feature_stats: Vec::new(),
             poi_metrics: PostcodePoiMetrics::empty(0),
             last_known_price_raw: Vec::new(),
-            address_buffer: String::new(),
+            address_buffer: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
-            address_offsets: Vec::new(),
+            address_offsets: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
-            address_lengths: Vec::new(),
+            address_lengths: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
             postcode_interner: lasso::Rodeo::default().into_reader(),
-            postcode_keys: Vec::new(),
+            postcode_keys: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
             postcode_row_index: FxHashMap::default(),
             address_token_index: FxHashMap::default(),
             address_prefix_index: FxHashMap::default(),
             address_search_interner: lasso::Rodeo::default().into_resolver(),
-            address_search_token_keys: Vec::new(),
+            address_search_token_keys: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
-            address_search_token_offsets: Vec::new(),
+            address_search_token_offsets: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
-            address_search_token_lengths: Vec::new(),
+            address_search_token_lengths: SpillVec::owned(Vec::new()),
             enum_values: rustc_hash::FxHashMap::default(),
             enum_counts: rustc_hash::FxHashMap::default(),
             approx_build_date_bits: Vec::new(),

server-rs/src/data/spill.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+//! Optional disk-backed storage for the large flat arrays in [`PropertyData`].
+//!
+//! In production every property array is held as an owned `Vec` in RAM — fastest,
+//! but the feature matrix plus the flat address-search arrays are ~4GB, which a
+//! memory-constrained dev box can't hold reliably. When a spill directory is
+//! configured (the `--spill-dir` dev flag), each large array is instead written
+//! to an anonymous file in that directory and memory-mapped read-only. The mapped
+//! pages are file-backed and clean, so under memory pressure the kernel evicts
+//! them (re-faulting from disk on next touch) rather than the process being
+//! OOM-killed — the same "let the kernel page it" trade-off the PMTiles reader
+//! already makes. The backing files are unlinked immediately after creation, so
+//! they leave nothing on disk and are reclaimed when the map drops at shutdown.
+//!
+//! [`SpillVec<T>`] dereferences to `[T]`, so every read site is byte-identical
+//! whether the data lives on the heap or in a map. With no `--spill-dir` (prod),
+//! the `Owned` variant is a thin wrapper over `Vec<T>` and the hot paths are
+//! unchanged.
+
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use memmap2::{Mmap, MmapMut};
+
+/// Marker for types that may back a [`SpillVec`]: fixed-size `Copy` values that
+/// round-trip losslessly through their raw bytes.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// Implementors must be `Copy`, contain no padding, and accept — for any value we
+/// could have stored — the exact bytes we wrote when reinterpreted as `Self`. We
+/// only ever read back bytes produced from genuine `Self` values, so niche types
+/// such as `lasso::Spur` (a `NonZeroU32`) are sound here: the bytes always come
+/// from real, non-zero interner keys and are never reinterpreted from arbitrary
+/// input.
+pub unsafe trait SpillElem: Copy + 'static {}
+
+// SAFETY: plain integers have no padding and every bit pattern is a valid value.
+unsafe impl SpillElem for u8 {}
+unsafe impl SpillElem for u16 {}
+unsafe impl SpillElem for u32 {}
+unsafe impl SpillElem for f32 {}
+// SAFETY: `lasso::Spur` is a transparent wrapper over `NonZeroU32` (size/align 4).
+// We only store keys returned by an interner, which are never zero, so the bytes
+// we map back never form the one invalid (all-zero) pattern.
+unsafe impl SpillElem for lasso::Spur {}
+
+/// Process-unique suffix so concurrently-created spill files never collide before
+/// they are unlinked.
+static NEXT_SPILL_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+/// A read-only slice of `T` backed by either an owned heap `Vec` (production) or a
+/// memory-mapped spill file (dev). Dereferences to `[T]`.
+pub enum SpillVec<T: SpillElem> {
+    Owned(Vec<T>),
+    Mapped {
+        map: Mmap,
+        len: usize,
+        _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<T: SpillElem> SpillVec<T> {
+    /// Keep `values` on the heap (production behaviour, and the only path used in
+    /// tests).
+    pub fn owned(values: Vec<T>) -> Self {
+        SpillVec::Owned(values)
+    }
+
+    /// Spill `values` to `dir` and memory-map it when `dir` is `Some`; otherwise
+    /// keep it on the heap. `label` names the backing file for diagnostics.
+    pub fn maybe_spill(values: Vec<T>, dir: Option<&Path>, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        match dir {
+            None => Ok(SpillVec::owned(values)),
+            Some(dir) => spill_vec(values, dir, label),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the contents as a plain slice. (`SpillVec` also derefs to `[T]`, so
+    /// `&spill_vec` coerces to `&[T]`; this is for the rare spot where coercion
+    /// doesn't fire, e.g. building a tuple.)
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl SpillVec<u16> {
+    /// Build a `u16` array of `len` elements by filling it in place — on the heap
+    /// when `dir` is `None`, or directly inside an mmap-backed spill file when
+    /// `Some`, so the (large) buffer never simultaneously exists on the heap. Every
+    /// element is initialized to `default` first; `fill` then overwrites the cells
+    /// it owns. Used for the feature matrix, whose 3GB heap copy we want to avoid
+    /// when spilling.
+    pub fn build_u16(
+        len: usize,
+        default: u16,
+        dir: Option<&Path>,
+        label: &str,
+        fill: impl FnOnce(&mut [u16]),
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        match dir {
+            Some(dir) if len > 0 => {
+                let byte_len = len * std::mem::size_of::<u16>();
+                let file = anon_file(dir, label)?;
+                allocate_spill_file(&file, byte_len, label)?;
+                // SAFETY: `file` is a freshly-created, exclusively-owned regular
+                // file sized to exactly `byte_len`; no other mapping aliases it.
+                let mut map = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file) }
+                    .with_context(|| format!("mapping spill file for '{label}'"))?;
+                // SAFETY: an mmap base is page-aligned (so aligned for `u16`) and
+                // the mapping is exactly `len * 2` bytes, valid to view as `len`
+                // `u16`s.
+                let slice =
+                    unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(map.as_mut_ptr().cast::<u16>(), len) };
+                slice.fill(default);
+                fill(slice);
+                let map = map
+                    .make_read_only()
+                    .with_context(|| format!("sealing spill file for '{label}'"))?;
+                Ok(SpillVec::Mapped {
+                    map,
+                    len,
+                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let mut values = vec![default; len];
+                fill(&mut values);
+                Ok(SpillVec::owned(values))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SpillElem> std::ops::Deref for SpillVec<T> {
+    type Target = [T];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        match self {
+            SpillVec::Owned(values) => values.as_slice(),
+            SpillVec::Mapped { map, len, .. } => {
+                let bytes: &[u8] = map;
+                debug_assert_eq!(bytes.len(), len * std::mem::size_of::<T>());
+                debug_assert_eq!(bytes.as_ptr().align_offset(std::mem::align_of::<T>()), 0);
+                // SAFETY: the mapping holds exactly `len * size_of::<T>()` bytes,
+                // all written from a `&[T]`; its base is page-aligned (hence aligned
+                // for `T`); `T: SpillElem` guarantees those bytes reinterpret as
+                // valid `T`s; and the read-only map outlives the borrow of `self`.
+                unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(bytes.as_ptr().cast::<T>(), *len) }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn spill_vec<T: SpillElem>(values: Vec<T>, dir: &Path, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<SpillVec<T>> {
+    let len = values.len();
+    let byte_len = len * std::mem::size_of::<T>();
+    // An empty mapping is invalid; nothing to spill, so keep the empty Vec.
+    if byte_len == 0 {
+        return Ok(SpillVec::owned(values));
+    }
+
+    let file = anon_file(dir, label)?;
+    allocate_spill_file(&file, byte_len, label)?;
+    // SAFETY: `file` is a freshly-created, exclusively-owned regular file sized to
+    // exactly `byte_len`; no other mapping aliases it.
+    let mut map = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file) }
+        .with_context(|| format!("mapping spill file for '{label}' ({byte_len} bytes)"))?;
+    // SAFETY: `values` is a live `Vec<T>` of `Copy`, padding-free elements, so its
+    // store is `byte_len` initialized bytes valid to read as `u8`.
+    let src = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(values.as_ptr().cast::<u8>(), byte_len) };
+    map.copy_from_slice(src);
+    // The bytes now live in the file's page cache; release the heap copy.
+    drop(values);
+    let map = map
+        .make_read_only()
+        .with_context(|| format!("sealing spill file for '{label}'"))?;
+    Ok(SpillVec::Mapped {
+        map,
+        len,
+        _marker: PhantomData,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Size a freshly-created spill file to `byte_len` bytes, reserving the disk
+/// blocks up front. We write the array through a mutable mmap, and writing to a
+/// dirty mmap page the kernel can't back at writeback raises `SIGBUS` — so a
+/// plain sparse `set_len` would turn an out-of-space dev disk into a crash. On
+/// Linux `posix_fallocate` allocates the blocks now, surfacing the shortfall as a
+/// clean `ENOSPC` error here instead. Elsewhere we fall back to `set_len`.
+fn allocate_spill_file(file: &File, byte_len: usize, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+        // `posix_fallocate` returns an errno value directly (0 on success) and,
+        // unlike most libc calls, does not set the global errno.
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::posix_fallocate(file.as_raw_fd(), 0, byte_len as libc::off_t) };
+        if ret != 0 {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ret)).with_context(|| {
+                format!("reserving {byte_len} bytes of disk for spill file '{label}'")
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+    {
+        file.set_len(byte_len as u64)
+            .with_context(|| format!("sizing spill file for '{label}'"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a spill file in `dir` and immediately unlink it. On Unix the open
+/// descriptor (and the mapping built from it) keep the inode alive, so the file is
+/// invisible in the directory and its blocks are reclaimed automatically when the
+/// map is dropped — no cleanup, no leftovers across runs.
+fn anon_file(dir: &Path, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<File> {
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("creating spill directory {}", dir.display()))?;
+    let unique = NEXT_SPILL_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    let path = dir.join(format!(
+        ".ppc-spill-{}-{label}-{unique}.bin",
+        std::process::id()
+    ));
+    let file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .create_new(true)
+        .open(&path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("creating spill file {}", path.display()))?;
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    Ok(file)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A scratch directory under the system temp dir; cleaned up on drop.
+    struct TempDir(std::path::PathBuf);
+
+    impl TempDir {
+        fn new(tag: &str) -> Self {
+            let id = NEXT_SPILL_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let dir = std::env::temp_dir()
+                .join(format!("ppc-spill-test-{}-{tag}-{id}", std::process::id()));
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).expect("create temp dir");
+            TempDir(dir)
+        }
+        fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+            &self.0
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for TempDir {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn maybe_spill_roundtrips_identically_owned_and_mapped() {
+        let values: Vec<u32> = (0..10_000u32)
+            .map(|n| n.wrapping_mul(2_654_435_761))
+            .collect();
+
+        let owned = SpillVec::maybe_spill(values.clone(), None, "u32_owned").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(owned, SpillVec::Owned(_)));
+        assert_eq!(&*owned, values.as_slice());
+
+        let dir = TempDir::new("u32");
+        let mapped = SpillVec::maybe_spill(values.clone(), Some(dir.path()), "u32_mapped").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(mapped, SpillVec::Mapped { .. }));
+        // The mmap-backed slice must be byte-identical to the original Vec.
+        assert_eq!(&*mapped, values.as_slice());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_u16_fills_in_place_for_both_backings() {
+        let len = 4096usize;
+        let fill = |slice: &mut [u16]| {
+            for (idx, cell) in slice.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                if idx % 3 == 0 {
+                    *cell = idx as u16; // leave the rest at `default`
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let owned = SpillVec::build_u16(len, 7, None, "u16_owned", fill).unwrap();
+        let dir = TempDir::new("u16");
+        let mapped = SpillVec::build_u16(len, 7, Some(dir.path()), "u16_mapped", fill).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(owned.len(), len);
+        assert_eq!(mapped.len(), len);
+        // Identical contents, and untouched cells read back as `default` (7).
+        assert_eq!(&*owned, &*mapped);
+        assert_eq!(owned[0], 0);
+        assert_eq!(owned[1], 7);
+        assert_eq!(owned[3], 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn spur_keys_survive_the_mmap_roundtrip() {
+        // Spur is a NonZeroU32 niche type — exercises the SpillElem soundness claim.
+        let mut rodeo = lasso::Rodeo::default();
+        let keys: Vec<lasso::Spur> = (0..2000)
+            .map(|n| rodeo.get_or_intern(format!("token-{n}")))
+            .collect();
+
+        let dir = TempDir::new("spur");
+        let mapped = SpillVec::maybe_spill(keys.clone(), Some(dir.path()), "spurs").unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(mapped, SpillVec::Mapped { .. }));
+        assert_eq!(&*mapped, keys.as_slice());
+        // Keys must still resolve back to their original strings through the interner.
+        let reader = rodeo.into_resolver();
+        for (idx, &key) in mapped.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(reader.resolve(&key), format!("token-{idx}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_input_stays_owned() {
+        let dir = TempDir::new("empty");
+        let mapped = SpillVec::maybe_spill(Vec::<u32>::new(), Some(dir.path()), "empty").unwrap();
+        // A zero-length mmap is invalid, so empties fall back to an owned Vec.
+        assert!(matches!(mapped, SpillVec::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(mapped.is_empty());
+    }
+}

server-rs/src/main.rs

@@ -281,6 +281,14 @@ struct Cli {
     #[arg(long)]
     dist: Option<PathBuf>,
 
+    /// Dev only: spill the large property arrays (feature matrix + address-search
+    /// index) to anonymous files in this directory and memory-map them read-only,
+    /// instead of holding them on the heap. Trades a little speed for a much
+    /// smaller resident set so a low-memory dev box can run the full dataset; the
+    /// mapped pages are file-backed and reclaimable under pressure. Omit in prod.
+    #[arg(long, env = "SPILL_DIR")]
+    spill_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+
     /// URL of the screenshot service (e.g. http://screenshot:8002)
     #[arg(long, env = "SCREENSHOT_URL")]
     screenshot_url: String,
@@ -465,7 +473,15 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         cli.properties.display(),
         cli.postcode_features.display(),
     );
-    let property_data = data::PropertyData::load(&cli.properties, &cli.postcode_features)?;
+    let spill_dir = cli.spill_dir.as_deref();
+    if let Some(dir) = spill_dir {
+        info!(
+            "Spill-to-disk enabled: large property arrays will be memory-mapped from {}",
+            dir.display()
+        );
+    }
+    let property_data =
+        data::PropertyData::load(&cli.properties, &cli.postcode_features, spill_dir)?;
     trim_allocator("property data load");
     info!(
         rows = property_data.lat.len(),

server-rs/src/routes/actual_listings.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const KEEP_UNKNOWN_LISTING_FILTER_FEATURES: &[&str] = &[
     "Construction year",
     "Interior height (m)",
     "Current energy rating",
-    "Potential energy rating"
+    "Potential energy rating",
 ];
 const LISTING_BOUNDS_EPSILON_DEGREES: f64 = 0.00001;
 

server-rs/src/routes/ai_filters/matching.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub(super) fn count_matching_rows(
         .collect();
     let has_travel = !travel_data.is_empty();
 
-    let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+    let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
     let num_features = state.data.num_features;
     let num_rows = state.data.lat.len();
     let (pc_interner, pc_keys) = state.data.postcode_parts();

server-rs/src/routes/export.rs

@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ pub async fn get_export(
     let bytes = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
         let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let quant = state.data.quant_ref();
         let feature_names = &state.data.feature_names;
         let enum_values = &state.data.enum_values;

server-rs/src/routes/filter_counts.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub async fn get_filter_counts(
     let response = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || -> Result<FilterCountsResponse, String> {
         let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
 
         // Load travel time data
         let travel_data: Vec<TravelData> = travel_entries

server-rs/src/routes/hexagon_stats.rs

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub(super) fn top_filter_exclusions(
         return Vec::new();
     }
 
-    let feature_data = &data.feature_data;
+    let feature_data: &[u16] = &data.feature_data;
     let num_features = data.num_features;
     let quant = data.quant_ref();
     let poi_quant = data.poi_metrics.quant_ref();
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ pub async fn get_hexagon_stats(
             .map_err(|err| format!("Invalid H3 resolution {}: {}", resolution, err))?;
         let need_parent = needs_parent(resolution);
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let travel_data = load_travel_data(&state.travel_time_store, &travel_entries)?;
         let has_travel = !travel_entries.is_empty();
 

server-rs/src/routes/hexagons.rs

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub async fn get_hexagons(
             .collect();
 
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let quant = state.data.quant_ref();
         let (pc_interner, pc_keys) = state.data.postcode_parts();
         let min_keys = &state.min_keys;

server-rs/src/routes/postcode_properties.rs

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub async fn get_postcode_properties(
     let result = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
         let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let feature_names = &state.data.feature_names;
         let feature_name_to_index = &state.feature_name_to_index;
         let enum_values = &state.data.enum_values;

server-rs/src/routes/postcode_stats.rs

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub async fn get_postcode_stats(
     let response = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
         let start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let travel_data = load_travel_data(&state.travel_time_store, &travel_entries)?;
         let has_travel = !travel_entries.is_empty();
 

server-rs/src/routes/postcodes.rs

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub async fn get_postcodes(
             .collect();
 
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let quant = state.data.quant_ref();
         let min_keys = &state.min_keys;
         let max_keys = &state.max_keys;

server-rs/src/routes/properties.rs

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub async fn get_hexagon_properties(
             .map_err(|err| format!("Invalid H3 resolution {}: {}", resolution, err))?;
         let need_parent = needs_parent(resolution);
         let num_features = state.data.num_features;
-        let feature_data = &state.data.feature_data;
+        let feature_data: &[u16] = &state.data.feature_data;
         let feature_names = &state.data.feature_names;
         let feature_name_to_index = &state.feature_name_to_index;
         let enum_values = &state.data.enum_values;

server-rs/src/routes/stats.rs

@@ -482,12 +482,13 @@ pub fn compute_poi_feature_stats(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::consts::NAN_U16;
+    use crate::data::spill::SpillVec;
 
     fn enum_data(values: &[u16]) -> PropertyData {
         let mut data = PropertyData::empty_for_tests();
         data.num_features = 1;
         data.num_numeric = 0; // single enum feature at index 0
-        data.feature_data = values.to_vec();
+        data.feature_data = SpillVec::owned(values.to_vec());
         data.enum_values
             .insert(0, vec!["Yes".to_string(), "No".to_string()]);
         data