Clarify some phrasing in the thesis
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@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ The obstacles coming from the intertwined nature of different models are widely
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We must address two data storage needs: training data and trained models. Proper version control is one of the most basic expectations for commercial codebases. Based on developer surveys, it is likely that our code is already tracked under Git and synchronised with GitHub\footnote{\href{https://octoverse.github.com/\#lets-look-back-at-the-code-and-communities-built-on-git-hub-this-year}{octoverse.github.com}}. Therefore, using Git Large File Storage (LFS) might seem intriguing. However, it is a paid (and surprisingly expensive) service of GitHub, especially when we factor in the expected sizes of the models and training data with the fact that the only way to remove files counting towards our quota is to delete the entire repository\footnote{\href{https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/working-with-files/managing-large-files/removing-files-from-git-large-file-storage\#git-lfs-objects-in-your-repository}{docs.github.com/en/repositories/working-with-files/managing-large-files/removing-files-from-git-large-file-storage}}.
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An open-source tool, the Data Version Control (DVC)\footnote{\href{https://dvc.org/}{dvc.org}} provides a nearly perfect alternative. It comes with a command-line interface (CLI) inspired by Git's and can be integrated with several backend storage servers. Its only downside is, of course, that it is one more tool that increases the complexity of the project and the initial setup time. If this is an acceptable price to pay, then I personally recommend opting for DVC. Nevertheless, if this may prohibit a team\footnote{As was the case with MLFlow tracking in an ING team described in Section \ref{section:industry}.} from properly handling data according to the best practices, I present a simpler solution.
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An open-source tool, the Data Version Control (DVC)\footnote{\href{https://dvc.org/}{dvc.org}} provides a nearly perfect alternative. It comes with a command-line interface (CLI) inspired by Git's and can be integrated with several backend storage servers. Its only downside is, of course, that it is one more tool that increases the complexity of the project and the initial setup time. If this is an acceptable price to pay, then we highly recommend opting for DVC. Nevertheless, if this may prohibit a team\footnote{As was the case with MLFlow tracking in an ING team described in Section \ref{section:industry}.} from properly handling data according to the best practices, we present a simpler solution.
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The complexity of an API can be decreased by relying on its users' preexisting knowledge, and known patterns \cite{hermans2021programmer,ousterhout2018philosophy}. Therefore, we can reuse familiar APIs, such as the \texttt{open()} method from Python. Therefore, a method is proposed which provides the same interface; however, the backing storage can be a mixture of local disk space, S3-compatible storage, MongoDB, or any other storage backend. It provides a superset of \texttt{open()}'s interface\footnote{\href{https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html\#open}{docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html\#open}}: the same parameters can be used with it resulting in similar observed behaviour. The expected features: versioning, progress bars, caching, garbage collecting the cache, and automatically deleting old remote versions are all present and come with recommended --- but easy to see and change --- configuration.
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@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Easing development is not merely about automating everything but also about maki
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It is easy to notice multiple recurring tasks when it comes to processing text. Cleaning it from various extraction artifacts and normalising characters is one of the most common. But splitting sentences, language tagging, and robustly lemmatising are also often recurring tasks. Because having reusable and tested feature extraction code covers two best practices, it seems straightforward that a utility module could be created for this, which could be extensively tested through unit testing.
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This is exactly the motivation behind \texttt{great\_ai.utilities}. Extra care has to be taken not to overfit these utilities on the cases considered in this chapter; however, I believe these are versatile enough to be helpful in many text-related contexts. A conclusive answer to this assumption will be found during the interviews.
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This is exactly the motivation behind \texttt{great\_ai.utilities}. Extra care has to be taken not to overfit these utilities on the cases considered in this chapter; however, we believe these are versatile enough to be helpful in many text-related contexts. A conclusive answer to this assumption will be found during the interviews.
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Implementing the unit tests uncovered multiple edge cases and even runtime errors; hence, the merit of \textit{Test all Feature Extraction Code} best practice is unequivocal. There is one more best practice that could be partially covered here, especially because its solution also helps both during batch inference but also at training/feature extraction time: \textit{Enable Parallel Training Experiments}.
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@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ A function called \texttt{parallel\_map()} is implemented which closely mimics t
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\subsection{Deployment approach}
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Some of the expectations one might have for data-intensive (such as AI) software are similar to that for software in general. These are also captured by the best practices: \textit{Use Continuous Integration}, \textit{Automate Model Deployment}, and \textit{Enable Automatic Roll Backs for Production Model} to name a few. It is important to notice that these have already been solved by software engineering, more specifically, by the DevOps paradigm \cite{leite2019survey}.
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In line with the findings of John et al. \cite{john2020architecting} on the SOTA of AI deployments, I suggest we wrap the applications in a format more compatible with existing DevOps toolkits. Instead of reinventing the wheel, we should rely on more established DevOps best practices for implementing the SE4ML deployment best practices. Besides, organisations are expected to have their deployment processes for classical applications; thus, allowing them to reuse those for AI applications seems to be the most convenient approach.
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In line with the findings of John et al. \cite{john2020architecting} on the SOTA of AI deployments, we suggest wrapping the applications in a format more compatible with existing DevOps toolkits. Instead of reinventing the wheel, we should rely on more established DevOps best practices for implementing the SE4ML deployment best practices. Besides, organisations are expected to have their deployment processes for classical applications; thus, allowing them to reuse those for AI applications seems to be the most convenient approach.
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Based on personal experiences, three types of software artifacts are identified (in the context of Python) for which a wide range of established practices exist. WSGI server\footnote{\href{https://peps.python.org/pep-3333/}{peps.python.org/pep-3333}} compatible applications, executable scripts, and Docker Images\footnote{\href{https://docs.docker.com/registry/spec/manifest-v2-2/}{docs.docker.com/registry/spec/manifest-v2-2}}. To achieve this, \textit{GreatAI} provides a compatibility layer between simple Python inference functions and all the above common artifacts. Taking functions as input for the first step also satisfies the requirement to be \textbf{General}. Nevertheless, to also allow customisation, additional configuration, metadata, and behavioural specification can be given as well.
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@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def greeter(name: str) -> str:
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\label{listing:hello-world}
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\end{listing}
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The main advantage of the wrapping approach is that it does not require any input from the clients (by default). I opted for a decorator \cite{gamma1995design}, which lets users wrap their function by adding a single additional line of code as shown in Listing \ref{listing:hello-world}. After which, the created WSGI application can be accessed through the \texttt{greeter.app} property where \texttt{greeter} is the identifier of the user-defined function. A CLI script (\texttt{great-ai}), along with a \texttt{Dockerfile} are also provided to cover the other two deployment artifacts.
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The main advantage of the wrapping approach is that it does not require any input from the clients (by default). We opted for a decorator \cite{gamma1995design}, which lets users wrap their function by adding a single additional line of code as shown in Listing \ref{listing:hello-world}. After which, the created WSGI application can be accessed through the \texttt{greeter.app} property where \texttt{greeter} is the identifier of the user-defined function. A CLI script (\texttt{great-ai}), along with a \texttt{Dockerfile} are also provided to cover the other two deployment artifacts.
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\begin{listing}
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