.forgejo/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Copy build to host pages mount
         if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
-        uses: http://forgejo:3000/andras/ci-actions/deploy-pages@main
-        with:
-          source: dist
-          target: fleeting
+        run: |
+          apt update && apt install -y rsync
+          rsync -a --delete dist/ /pages/fleeting

assets/icons/close.svg

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
-  <path
-    d="M6.4 5 12 10.6 17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12 19 17.6 17.6 19 12 13.4 6.4 19 5 17.6 10.6 12 5 6.4z"
-  />
-</svg>

index.html

@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
     <meta charset="utf-8" />
     <meta
       name="viewport"
-      content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no,viewport-fit=cover"
+      content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover"
     />
     <meta name="theme-color" content="#10151f" />
     <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" />
     <meta name="author" content="Andras Schmelczer" />
     <meta
       name="description"
-      content="Draw colour into a canvas that keeps moving. Your strokes become paths for life that splits, drifts, and redraws the surface over time."
+      content="Tend it while you can. The garden returns to weather either way. A WebGPU drawing toy in your browser."
     />
 
     <link rel="canonical" href="https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/" />
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
     <meta
       property="og:description"
-      content="Draw colour into a canvas that keeps moving. Your strokes become paths for life that splits, drifts, and redraws the surface over time."
+      content="Tend it while you can. The garden returns to weather either way. A WebGPU drawing toy in your browser."
     />
     <meta property="og:url" content="https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/" />
     <meta property="og:image" content="https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/og-image.jpg" />
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     <meta name="twitter:title" content="Fleeting Garden" />
     <meta
       name="twitter:description"
-      content="Draw colour into a canvas that keeps moving. Your strokes become paths for life that splits, drifts, and redraws the surface over time."
+      content="Tend it while you can. The garden returns to weather either way. A WebGPU drawing toy in your browser."
     />
     <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/og-image.jpg" />
     <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Fleeting Garden social preview image." />
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
         "@type": "WebApplication",
         "name": "Fleeting Garden",
         "url": "https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/",
-        "description": "Draw colour into a canvas that keeps moving. Your strokes become paths for life that splits, drifts, and redraws the surface over time.",
+        "description": "Tend it while you can. The garden returns to weather either way. A WebGPU drawing toy in your browser.",
         "image": "https://schmelczer.dev/fleeting/og-image.jpg",
         "applicationCategory": "DesignApplication",
         "operatingSystem": "Any",
@@ -91,8 +91,7 @@
         <div class="splash" data-visible="true">
           <h1 class="splash-title">Fleeting Garden</h1>
           <p class="splash-description">
-            Draw colour into a canvas that keeps moving. Your strokes become paths for
-            life that splits, drifts, and redraws the surface over time.
+            Tend it while you can. The garden returns to weather either way.
           </p>
           <button class="start-button" type="button" disabled>Start</button>
         </div>
@@ -119,54 +118,35 @@
         id="info-panel"
         class="hidden info-page"
         role="region"
-        aria-labelledby="info-panel-title"
+        aria-label="About panel"
         aria-hidden="true"
         tabindex="-1"
         inert
       >
-        <div class="info-page__content">
-          <header class="info-page__header">
-            <span class="info-page__mark" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-            <div class="info-page__heading">
-              <p class="info-page__eyebrow">About</p>
-              <h2 id="info-panel-title">Fleeting Garden</h2>
-            </div>
-            <button
-              class="info-page__close"
-              data-control="info-close"
-              type="button"
-              aria-label="Close about panel"
-              title="Close"
-            ></button>
-          </header>
-
-          <p class="info-page__main">
-            Draw into a field of particles and watch the simulation fold your marks back
-            into motion.
+        <section>
+          <h1>Fleeting Garden</h1>
+          <p>
+            A garden is what we tend; the wild is what we get the moment we look away.
+            Both happen here at once. Your strokes plant colour, small agents follow them,
+            branch off, and slowly rewrite the patch you laid down into something you
+            didn't quite plan.
           </p>
-
-          <ul class="info-page__notes">
-            <li>Choose one of three colour swatches, then drag to draw.</li>
-            <li>Use the eraser to clear space and reshape the field.</li>
-            <li>The mirror repeats each gesture across the canvas.</li>
-            <li>The arrows switch the current atmosphere.</li>
-          </ul>
-
-          <p class="info-page__main">
-            My implementation of
-            <a
-              href="https://cargocollective.com/sagejenson/physarum"
-              target="_blank"
-              rel="noopener"
-              >physarum simulation</a
-            >
-            introduces drawing and procedurally generated piano for a more immersive
-            experience. Learn more about my work at
+          <p>
+            Three swatches plant the line. The eraser carves a clearing. The mirror folds
+            one gesture into many, like footpaths around a hidden well.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            Switch vibes to change the season; your shapes stay, the light moves. Add or
+            quiet the piano. Restart when you want a fresh field. Take a snapshot if you
+            want to keep one particular instant of weather.
+          </p>
+          <p>
+            Built with WebGPU, running locally in your browser. More of my work at
             <a href="https://schmelczer.dev" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
               >schmelczer.dev</a
-            >
+            >.
           </p>
-        </div>
+        </section>
       </section>
 
       <div class="toolbar-row" role="toolbar" aria-label="Garden toolbar">

src/analytics.ts

@@ -4,13 +4,9 @@ import {
   type PlausibleEventOptions,
 } from '@plausible-analytics/tracker';
 
+import { appConfig } from './config';
 import type { VibeId } from './vibes';
 
-const ANALYTICS_AUTO_CAPTURE_PAGEVIEWS = true;
-const ANALYTICS_DOMAIN = 'schmelczer.dev/fleeting';
-const ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT = 'https://stats.schmelczer.dev/status';
-const ANALYTICS_LOGGING = import.meta.env.DEV;
-
 let isInitialized = false;
 
 const track = (eventName: string, options: PlausibleEventOptions = {}) => {
@@ -28,10 +24,10 @@ export const initAnalytics = () => {
 
   try {
     plausibleInit({
-      domain: ANALYTICS_DOMAIN,
-      endpoint: ANALYTICS_ENDPOINT,
-      autoCapturePageviews: ANALYTICS_AUTO_CAPTURE_PAGEVIEWS,
-      logging: ANALYTICS_LOGGING,
+      domain: appConfig.analytics.domain,
+      endpoint: appConfig.analytics.endpoint,
+      autoCapturePageviews: appConfig.analytics.autoCapturePageviews,
+      logging: appConfig.analytics.logging,
     });
     isInitialized = true;
   } catch (error) {

src/audio/garden-audio-config.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { PianoNoteRole } from './garden-audio-types';
 
-export const DEFAULT_AUDIO_VOLUME = 0.65;
-export const MAX_AUDIO_VOLUME = 1.5;
+export const DEFAULT_AUDIO_VOLUME = 0.5;
 export const SILENT_AUDIO_GAIN = 0.0001;
 
 type GardenAudioChordQuality = 'major' | 'minor' | 'sus2' | 'sus4';
@@ -59,33 +58,17 @@ export const createGardenAudioConfig = () => ({
     timeRampSeconds: 0.12,
   },
   piano: {
-    maxVoices: 48,
-    gain: 0.78,
+    maxVoices: 24,
+    gain: 0.48,
     sustainSeconds: 0.42,
     sustainLevel: 0.26,
-    releaseSeconds: 0.62,
-    lowpassHz: 9500,
-    gainAttackSeconds: 0.003,
-    lowpassMaxHz: 16000,
-    lowpassMinHz: 900,
+    releaseSeconds: 0.34,
+    lowpassHz: 7000,
+    gainAttackSeconds: 0.006,
+    lowpassMaxHz: 12000,
+    lowpassMinHz: 1400,
     sustainBase: 0.45,
     sustainVelocityRange: 0.55,
-    releaseSampleGain: 0.035,
-    releaseSampleVelocityBase: 0.45,
-    releaseSampleVelocityRange: 0.55,
-    roomSend: 0.18,
-    velocityLayerCurve: 0.72,
-    velocityLayerMax: 0.26,
-    velocityLayerMin: 0.035,
-    voiceDecayEstimateSeconds: 1.9,
-  },
-  room: {
-    decaySeconds: 1.65,
-    highPassHz: 120,
-    lowPassHz: 8200,
-    preDelaySeconds: 0.018,
-    sendGain: 1,
-    wetGain: 0.11,
   },
   rhythm: {
     idleIntensity: defaultGardenAudioVibeSettings.idleIntensity,

src/audio/garden-audio-graph.ts

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ const graphTuning = {
   latencyHint: 'interactive',
   outputFilterType: 'highpass',
   compressor: {
-    thresholdDb: -17,
+    thresholdDb: -18,
     kneeDb: 18,
-    ratio: 2.2,
-    attackSeconds: 0.014,
-    releaseSeconds: 0.28,
+    ratio: 2.1,
+    attackSeconds: 0.018,
+    releaseSeconds: 0.18,
   },
 } as const;
 const delayFilterTuning = {
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
   public context: AudioContext | null = null;
   public eventBus: GainNode | null = null;
   public delayInput: GainNode | null = null;
-  public roomInput: GainNode | null = null;
   public noiseBus: GainNode | null = null;
   public noiseBuffer: AudioBuffer | null = null;
 
@@ -88,12 +87,10 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     const context = new AudioContextConstructor({
       latencyHint: graphTuning.latencyHint,
     });
-    const outputBus = context.createGain();
     const masterGain = context.createGain();
     const highPass = context.createBiquadFilter();
     const compressor = context.createDynamicsCompressor();
 
-    outputBus.gain.value = 1;
     masterGain.gain.value = 0;
     highPass.type = graphTuning.outputFilterType;
     highPass.frequency.value = outputHighPassFrequencyHz;
@@ -103,18 +100,15 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     compressor.attack.value = graphTuning.compressor.attackSeconds;
     compressor.release.value = graphTuning.compressor.releaseSeconds;
 
-    // Keep peak control independent from the user's volume slider.
-    outputBus.connect(highPass);
+    masterGain.connect(highPass);
     highPass.connect(compressor);
-    compressor.connect(masterGain);
-    masterGain.connect(context.destination);
+    compressor.connect(context.destination);
 
     this.context = context;
     this.masterGain = masterGain;
     this.noiseBuffer = this.createNoiseBuffer(context);
-    this.createDelay(context, outputBus);
-    this.createRoom(context, outputBus);
-    this.createBuses(context, outputBus);
+    this.createDelay(context, masterGain);
+    this.createBuses(context, masterGain);
 
     return context;
   }
@@ -230,7 +224,7 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     }
   }
 
-  private createDelay(context: AudioContext, outputBus: GainNode): void {
+  private createDelay(context: AudioContext, masterGain: GainNode): void {
     const delayInput = context.createGain();
     const delayNode = context.createDelay(graphTuning.delayMaxSeconds);
     const delayFeedback = context.createGain();
@@ -256,7 +250,7 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     delayFeedback.connect(delayNode);
     delayNode.connect(returnLowPass);
     returnLowPass.connect(delayOutput);
-    delayOutput.connect(outputBus);
+    delayOutput.connect(masterGain);
 
     this.delayInput = delayInput;
     this.delayNode = delayNode;
@@ -264,37 +258,10 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     this.delayOutput = delayOutput;
   }
 
-  private createRoom(context: AudioContext, outputBus: GainNode): void {
-    const roomInput = context.createGain();
-    const preDelay = context.createDelay(0.08);
-    const convolver = context.createConvolver();
-    const highPass = context.createBiquadFilter();
-    const lowPass = context.createBiquadFilter();
-    const roomOutput = context.createGain();
-
-    roomInput.gain.value = this.config.room.sendGain;
-    preDelay.delayTime.value = this.config.room.preDelaySeconds;
-    convolver.buffer = this.createRoomImpulse(context);
-    highPass.type = 'highpass';
-    highPass.frequency.value = this.config.room.highPassHz;
-    lowPass.type = 'lowpass';
-    lowPass.frequency.value = this.config.room.lowPassHz;
-    roomOutput.gain.value = this.config.room.wetGain;
-
-    roomInput.connect(preDelay);
-    preDelay.connect(convolver);
-    convolver.connect(highPass);
-    highPass.connect(lowPass);
-    lowPass.connect(roomOutput);
-    roomOutput.connect(outputBus);
-
-    this.roomInput = roomInput;
-  }
-
-  private createBuses(context: AudioContext, outputBus: GainNode): void {
+  private createBuses(context: AudioContext, masterGain: GainNode): void {
     const eventBus = context.createGain();
     eventBus.gain.value = graphTuning.eventBusGain;
-    eventBus.connect(outputBus);
+    eventBus.connect(masterGain);
     this.eventBus = eventBus;
     this.pianoBuses.clear();
 
@@ -361,34 +328,10 @@ export class GardenAudioGraph {
     return buffer;
   }
 
-  private createRoomImpulse(context: AudioContext): AudioBuffer {
-    const sampleCount = Math.max(
-      1,
-      Math.floor(context.sampleRate * this.config.room.decaySeconds)
-    );
-    const impulse = context.createBuffer(2, sampleCount, context.sampleRate);
-
-    for (let channel = 0; channel < impulse.numberOfChannels; channel += 1) {
-      const data = impulse.getChannelData(channel);
-      for (let index = 0; index < sampleCount; index += 1) {
-        const position = index / sampleCount;
-        const decay = Math.pow(1 - position, 2.35);
-        const earlyReflection =
-          index % Math.max(1, Math.floor(context.sampleRate * 0.011)) === 0
-            ? 0.18 * (1 - position)
-            : 0;
-        data[index] = (Math.random() * 2 - 1 + earlyReflection) * decay;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return impulse;
-  }
-
   private clearNodes(): void {
     this.context = null;
     this.eventBus = null;
     this.delayInput = null;
-    this.roomInput = null;
     this.noiseBus = null;
     this.noiseBuffer = null;
     this.masterGain = null;

src/audio/garden-audio-types.ts

@@ -14,22 +14,11 @@ export interface GardenAudioStroke {
   elapsedSeconds: number;
 }
 
-export interface LoadedPianoStrikeSample {
-  midi: number;
-  velocityLayer: number;
-  buffer: AudioBuffer;
-}
-
-export interface LoadedPianoReleaseSample {
+export interface LoadedPianoSample {
   midi: number;
   buffer: AudioBuffer;
 }
 
-export interface LoadedPianoSamples {
-  releases: Array<LoadedPianoReleaseSample>;
-  strikes: Array<LoadedPianoStrikeSample>;
-}
-
 export interface PianoNote {
   midi: number;
   velocity: number;

src/audio/garden-audio.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import { ErrorHandler, Severity } from '../utils/error-handler';
-import { clamp } from '../utils/math';
+import { clamp01 } from '../utils/math';
 import type { VibeId, VibePreset } from '../vibes';
 import {
-  MAX_AUDIO_VOLUME,
   SILENT_AUDIO_GAIN,
   type GardenAudioConfig,
   type GardenAudioVibeProfile,
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ export class GardenAudio {
   private hasLoadedPiano = false;
 
   public constructor(private readonly config: GardenAudioConfig) {
-    this.masterVolume = clamp(config.masterVolume, 0, MAX_AUDIO_VOLUME);
+    this.masterVolume = clamp01(config.masterVolume);
     this.graph = new GardenAudioGraph(config);
     this.piano = new PianoSampler(config, this.graph);
     this.noise = new NoiseBurstPlayer(this.graph);
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ export class GardenAudio {
   }
 
   public setMasterVolume(masterVolume: number): void {
-    this.masterVolume = clamp(masterVolume, 0, MAX_AUDIO_VOLUME);
+    this.masterVolume = clamp01(masterVolume);
     if (!this.isMuted) {
       this.graph.setMasterGain(this.masterVolume, this.config.updateRampSeconds);
     }
@@ -397,7 +396,7 @@ export class GardenAudio {
       return;
     }
 
-    const distanceActivity = clamp(activity, 0, 1);
+    const distanceActivity = clamp01(activity);
     if (distanceActivity <= 0) {
       return;
     }

src/audio/piano-sampler.ts

@@ -2,57 +2,32 @@ import { clamp, clamp01 } from '../utils/math';
 import type { GardenAudioConfig } from './garden-audio-config';
 import type { GardenAudioGraph } from './garden-audio-graph';
 import { PITCH_SEMITONES_PER_OCTAVE } from './garden-audio-music';
-import type {
-  LoadedPianoReleaseSample,
-  LoadedPianoSamples,
-  LoadedPianoStrikeSample,
-  PianoNote,
-} from './garden-audio-types';
-import { ensurePianoSamplesLoading, subscribeToPianoSamples } from './piano-samples';
+import type { LoadedPianoSample, PianoNote } from './garden-audio-types';
+import { getLoadedPianoSamples, loadPianoSamples } from './piano-samples';
 
 export const PIANO_SCHEDULE_AHEAD_SECONDS = 0.002;
 
 interface ActivePianoVoice {
   gain: GainNode;
-  peakGain: number;
-  releaseAt: number;
-  sources: Array<AudioBufferSourceNode>;
-  startedAt: number;
-  stopAt: number;
-}
-
-interface SelectedPianoStrikeSample {
-  gainScale: number;
-  sample: LoadedPianoStrikeSample;
-}
-
-interface ScheduledReleaseSample {
-  gainValue: number;
-  source: AudioBufferSourceNode;
-  startTime: number;
+  source: AudioScheduledSourceNode;
   stopAt: number;
 }
 
 const pianoSamplerTuning = {
   filterType: 'lowpass',
-  filterQ: 0.45,
+  filterQ: 0.7,
   minDurationSeconds: 0.08,
   minFadeSeconds: 0.08,
   minGain: 0.0001,
-  releaseSampleAttackSeconds: 0.006,
-  releaseSampleDecaySeconds: 0.18,
-  releaseTimeConstantCount: 6,
-  tailStopExtraSeconds: 0.08,
-  voiceStealFadeSeconds: 0.045,
-  voiceStealStopSeconds: 0.09,
+  releaseTimeConstantCount: 5,
+  tailStopExtraSeconds: 0.05,
+  voiceStealFadeSeconds: 0.025,
+  voiceStealStopSeconds: 0.05,
 } as const;
 
 export class PianoSampler {
+  private samples: Array<LoadedPianoSample> = [];
   private activeVoices: Array<ActivePianoVoice> = [];
-  private releaseSamples: Array<LoadedPianoReleaseSample> = [];
-  private strikeSamples: Array<LoadedPianoStrikeSample> = [];
-  private velocityLayers: Array<number> = [];
-  private unsubscribeFromSampleUpdates: (() => void) | null = null;
 
   public constructor(
     private readonly config: GardenAudioConfig,
@@ -60,17 +35,19 @@ export class PianoSampler {
   ) {}
 
   public load(context: BaseAudioContext): Promise<void> {
-    // The subscription applies further velocity layers and release samples
-    // as they finish loading in the background.
-    this.unsubscribeFromSampleUpdates ??= subscribeToPianoSamples((samples) => {
-      this.setSamples(samples);
-    });
-
-    if (this.strikeSamples.length > 0) {
+    if (this.samples.length > 0) {
       return Promise.resolve();
     }
 
-    return ensurePianoSamplesLoading(context);
+    const loadedSamples = getLoadedPianoSamples();
+    if (loadedSamples) {
+      this.setSamples(loadedSamples);
+      return Promise.resolve();
+    }
+
+    return loadPianoSamples(context).then((samples) => {
+      this.setSamples(samples);
+    });
   }
 
   public play({
@@ -90,9 +67,8 @@ export class PianoSampler {
       return;
     }
 
-    const noteVelocity = clamp01(velocity);
-    const selectedSamples = this.selectStrikeSamples(midi, noteVelocity);
-    if (selectedSamples.length === 0) {
+    const sample = this.findNearestSample(midi);
+    if (!sample) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -100,6 +76,7 @@ export class PianoSampler {
       context.currentTime + PIANO_SCHEDULE_AHEAD_SECONDS,
       startTime
     );
+    const noteVelocity = clamp01(velocity);
     const noteGainValue = this.computeNoteGain(noteVelocity);
     const sustainSeconds =
       profileSustainSeconds *
@@ -111,36 +88,45 @@ export class PianoSampler {
     const stopAt =
       releaseAt +
       this.config.piano.releaseSeconds * pianoSamplerTuning.releaseTimeConstantCount;
-    const strikeSources = selectedSamples.map(({ gainScale, sample }) => ({
-      gainScale,
-      source: this.createSource(
-        context,
-        sample.buffer,
-        midi,
-        sample.midi,
-        scheduledStart
-      ),
-    }));
-    const releaseSample = this.createReleaseSample({
-      context,
-      midi,
-      noteVelocity,
-      releaseAt,
-    });
+    const source = context.createBufferSource();
+
+    source.buffer = sample.buffer;
+    source.playbackRate.setValueAtTime(
+      Math.pow(2, (midi - sample.midi) / PITCH_SEMITONES_PER_OCTAVE),
+      scheduledStart
+    );
 
     this.scheduleVoice({
+      source,
+      scheduledStart,
+      stopAt,
+      pan,
+      lowpassHz,
       delaySend,
       eventBus,
-      lowpassHz,
-      noteGainValue,
-      pan,
-      releaseAt,
-      releaseSample,
-      scheduledStart,
-      stopAt: releaseSample ? Math.max(stopAt, releaseSample.stopAt) : stopAt,
-      strikeSources,
-      sustainAt,
-      sustainSeconds,
+      configureGainEnvelope: (gain) => {
+        gain.gain.setValueAtTime(pianoSamplerTuning.minGain, scheduledStart);
+        gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(
+          noteGainValue,
+          scheduledStart + this.config.piano.gainAttackSeconds
+        );
+        gain.gain.setTargetAtTime(
+          Math.max(
+            pianoSamplerTuning.minGain,
+            noteGainValue * this.config.piano.sustainLevel
+          ),
+          sustainAt,
+          Math.max(
+            pianoSamplerTuning.minFadeSeconds,
+            sustainSeconds * this.config.piano.sustainBase
+          )
+        );
+        gain.gain.setTargetAtTime(
+          pianoSamplerTuning.minGain,
+          releaseAt,
+          this.config.piano.releaseSeconds
+        );
+      },
     });
   }
 
@@ -160,42 +146,30 @@ export class PianoSampler {
   }
 
   public reset(): void {
-    this.unsubscribeFromSampleUpdates?.();
-    this.unsubscribeFromSampleUpdates = null;
-    this.releaseSamples = [];
-    this.strikeSamples = [];
-    this.velocityLayers = [];
+    this.samples = [];
     this.activeVoices = [];
   }
 
   private scheduleVoice({
-    strikeSources,
-    releaseSample,
+    source,
     scheduledStart,
-    sustainAt,
-    sustainSeconds,
-    releaseAt,
     stopAt,
     pan,
     lowpassHz,
     delaySend,
     eventBus,
-    noteGainValue,
+    configureGainEnvelope,
   }: {
-    delaySend: number;
-    eventBus: GainNode;
-    lowpassHz: number;
-    noteGainValue: number;
-    pan: number;
-    releaseAt: number;
-    releaseSample: ScheduledReleaseSample | null;
+    source: AudioScheduledSourceNode;
     scheduledStart: number;
     stopAt: number;
-    strikeSources: Array<{ gainScale: number; source: AudioBufferSourceNode }>;
-    sustainAt: number;
-    sustainSeconds: number;
+    pan: number;
+    lowpassHz: number;
+    delaySend: number;
+    eventBus: GainNode;
+    configureGainEnvelope: (gain: GainNode) => void;
   }): void {
-    const { context, delayInput, roomInput } = this.graph;
+    const { context, delayInput } = this.graph;
     if (!context) {
       return;
     }
@@ -203,18 +177,15 @@ export class PianoSampler {
     const filter = context.createBiquadFilter();
     const gain = context.createGain();
     const panner = context.createStereoPanner();
-    const sourceGains = strikeSources.map(({ gainScale }) => {
-      const sourceGain = context.createGain();
-      sourceGain.gain.value = gainScale;
-      return sourceGain;
-    });
-    let delaySendGain: GainNode | null = null;
-    let roomSendGain: GainNode | null = null;
-    let releaseGain: GainNode | null = null;
+    let sendGain: GainNode | null = null;
 
     this.trimActiveVoices(scheduledStart);
     while (this.activeVoices.length >= this.config.piano.maxVoices) {
-      this.stealQuietestVoice(scheduledStart);
+      const oldest = this.activeVoices.shift();
+      if (!oldest) {
+        break;
+      }
+      this.stopVoice(oldest, scheduledStart);
     }
 
     filter.type = pianoSamplerTuning.filterType;
@@ -224,352 +195,48 @@ export class PianoSampler {
     );
     filter.Q.value = pianoSamplerTuning.filterQ;
     panner.pan.setValueAtTime(clamp(pan, -1, 1), scheduledStart);
-    this.configureGainEnvelope({
-      gain,
-      noteGainValue,
-      releaseAt,
-      scheduledStart,
-      sustainAt,
-      sustainSeconds,
-    });
+    configureGainEnvelope(gain);
 
-    strikeSources.forEach(({ source }, index) => {
-      source.connect(sourceGains[index]);
-      sourceGains[index].connect(filter);
-    });
+    source.connect(filter);
     filter.connect(gain);
     gain.connect(panner);
-
-    if (releaseSample) {
-      releaseGain = context.createGain();
-      releaseSample.source.connect(releaseGain);
-      releaseGain.connect(panner);
-      this.configureReleaseEnvelope(releaseGain, releaseSample);
-    }
-
     panner.connect(eventBus);
 
     if (delayInput && delaySend > 0) {
-      delaySendGain = context.createGain();
-      delaySendGain.gain.value = delaySend;
-      panner.connect(delaySendGain);
-      delaySendGain.connect(delayInput);
+      sendGain = context.createGain();
+      sendGain.gain.value = delaySend;
+      panner.connect(sendGain);
+      sendGain.connect(delayInput);
     }
 
-    if (roomInput && this.config.piano.roomSend > 0) {
-      roomSendGain = context.createGain();
-      roomSendGain.gain.value = this.config.piano.roomSend;
-      panner.connect(roomSendGain);
-      roomSendGain.connect(roomInput);
-    }
+    source.start(scheduledStart);
+    source.stop(stopAt + pianoSamplerTuning.tailStopExtraSeconds);
+    this.activeVoices.push({ gain, source, stopAt });
 
-    const sources = [
-      ...strikeSources.map(({ source }) => source),
-      ...(releaseSample ? [releaseSample.source] : []),
-    ];
-
-    strikeSources.forEach(({ source }) => {
-      source.start(scheduledStart);
-      source.stop(stopAt + pianoSamplerTuning.tailStopExtraSeconds);
-    });
-    if (releaseSample) {
-      releaseSample.source.start(releaseSample.startTime);
-      releaseSample.source.stop(releaseSample.stopAt);
-    }
-
-    const voice: ActivePianoVoice = {
-      gain,
-      peakGain: noteGainValue,
-      releaseAt,
-      sources,
-      startedAt: scheduledStart,
-      stopAt,
-    };
-    this.activeVoices.push(voice);
-
-    this.cleanupVoiceWhenSourcesEnd({
-      delaySendGain,
-      filter,
-      gain,
-      panner,
-      releaseGain,
-      roomSendGain,
-      sourceGains,
-      sources,
-      voice,
-    });
-  }
-
-  private configureGainEnvelope({
-    gain,
-    noteGainValue,
-    releaseAt,
-    scheduledStart,
-    sustainAt,
-    sustainSeconds,
-  }: {
-    gain: GainNode;
-    noteGainValue: number;
-    releaseAt: number;
-    scheduledStart: number;
-    sustainAt: number;
-    sustainSeconds: number;
-  }): void {
-    gain.gain.setValueAtTime(pianoSamplerTuning.minGain, scheduledStart);
-    gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(
-      noteGainValue,
-      scheduledStart + this.config.piano.gainAttackSeconds
-    );
-    gain.gain.setTargetAtTime(
-      Math.max(
-        pianoSamplerTuning.minGain,
-        noteGainValue * this.config.piano.sustainLevel
-      ),
-      sustainAt,
-      Math.max(
-        pianoSamplerTuning.minFadeSeconds,
-        sustainSeconds * this.config.piano.sustainBase
-      )
-    );
-    gain.gain.setTargetAtTime(
-      pianoSamplerTuning.minGain,
-      releaseAt,
-      this.config.piano.releaseSeconds
-    );
-  }
-
-  private configureReleaseEnvelope(
-    releaseGain: GainNode,
-    releaseSample: ScheduledReleaseSample
-  ): void {
-    releaseGain.gain.setValueAtTime(pianoSamplerTuning.minGain, releaseSample.startTime);
-    releaseGain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(
-      releaseSample.gainValue,
-      releaseSample.startTime + pianoSamplerTuning.releaseSampleAttackSeconds
-    );
-    releaseGain.gain.setTargetAtTime(
-      pianoSamplerTuning.minGain,
-      releaseSample.startTime + pianoSamplerTuning.releaseSampleAttackSeconds,
-      pianoSamplerTuning.releaseSampleDecaySeconds
-    );
-  }
-
-  private createSource(
-    context: BaseAudioContext,
-    buffer: AudioBuffer,
-    midi: number,
-    sampleMidi: number,
-    scheduledStart: number
-  ): AudioBufferSourceNode {
-    const source = context.createBufferSource();
-    source.buffer = buffer;
-    source.playbackRate.setValueAtTime(
-      Math.pow(2, (midi - sampleMidi) / PITCH_SEMITONES_PER_OCTAVE),
-      scheduledStart
-    );
-    return source;
-  }
-
-  private createReleaseSample({
-    context,
-    midi,
-    noteVelocity,
-    releaseAt,
-  }: {
-    context: BaseAudioContext;
-    midi: number;
-    noteVelocity: number;
-    releaseAt: number;
-  }): ScheduledReleaseSample | null {
-    const sample = this.findNearestReleaseSample(midi);
-    if (!sample) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    const source = this.createSource(
-      context,
-      sample.buffer,
-      midi,
-      sample.midi,
-      releaseAt
-    );
-    const gainValue =
-      this.config.piano.releaseSampleGain *
-      (this.config.piano.releaseSampleVelocityBase +
-        noteVelocity * this.config.piano.releaseSampleVelocityRange);
-
-    return {
-      gainValue: Math.max(pianoSamplerTuning.minGain, gainValue),
-      source,
-      startTime: releaseAt,
-      stopAt:
-        releaseAt + sample.buffer.duration + pianoSamplerTuning.tailStopExtraSeconds,
-    };
-  }
-
-  private cleanupVoiceWhenSourcesEnd({
-    sources,
-    sourceGains,
-    filter,
-    gain,
-    releaseGain,
-    panner,
-    delaySendGain,
-    roomSendGain,
-    voice,
-  }: {
-    delaySendGain: GainNode | null;
-    filter: BiquadFilterNode;
-    gain: GainNode;
-    panner: StereoPannerNode;
-    releaseGain: GainNode | null;
-    roomSendGain: GainNode | null;
-    sourceGains: Array<GainNode>;
-    sources: Array<AudioBufferSourceNode>;
-    voice: ActivePianoVoice;
-  }): void {
-    let remainingSources = sources.length;
-    const cleanup = (): void => {
-      remainingSources -= 1;
-      if (remainingSources > 0) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      sources.forEach((source) => {
+    source.addEventListener(
+      'ended',
+      () => {
         source.disconnect();
-      });
-      sourceGains.forEach((sourceGain) => {
-        sourceGain.disconnect();
-      });
-      filter.disconnect();
-      gain.disconnect();
-      releaseGain?.disconnect();
-      panner.disconnect();
-      delaySendGain?.disconnect();
-      roomSendGain?.disconnect();
-      this.activeVoices = this.activeVoices.filter(
-        (activeVoice) => activeVoice !== voice
-      );
-    };
-
-    sources.forEach((source) => {
-      source.addEventListener('ended', cleanup, { once: true });
-    });
+        filter.disconnect();
+        gain.disconnect();
+        panner.disconnect();
+        sendGain?.disconnect();
+        this.activeVoices = this.activeVoices.filter((voice) => voice.gain !== gain);
+      },
+      { once: true }
+    );
   }
 
   private computeNoteGain(velocity: number): number {
     return Math.max(pianoSamplerTuning.minGain, this.config.piano.gain * velocity);
   }
 
-  private selectStrikeSamples(
-    midi: number,
-    noteVelocity: number
-  ): Array<SelectedPianoStrikeSample> {
-    if (this.strikeSamples.length === 0 || this.velocityLayers.length === 0) {
-      return [];
-    }
-
-    const targetLayer = this.getTargetVelocityLayer(noteVelocity);
-    const layerPair = this.getVelocityLayerPair(targetLayer);
-    if (!layerPair) {
-      return [];
-    }
-
-    const lowerSample = this.findNearestStrikeSample(midi, layerPair.lower);
-    const upperSample =
-      layerPair.upper === layerPair.lower
-        ? null
-        : this.findNearestStrikeSample(midi, layerPair.upper);
-
-    if (!lowerSample && !upperSample) {
-      return [];
-    }
-    if (!upperSample || layerPair.blend <= 0) {
-      return lowerSample ? [{ gainScale: 1, sample: lowerSample }] : [];
-    }
-    if (!lowerSample || layerPair.blend >= 1) {
-      return [{ gainScale: 1, sample: upperSample }];
-    }
-
-    return [
-      {
-        gainScale: Math.sqrt(1 - layerPair.blend),
-        sample: lowerSample,
-      },
-      {
-        gainScale: Math.sqrt(layerPair.blend),
-        sample: upperSample,
-      },
-    ];
-  }
-
-  private getTargetVelocityLayer(noteVelocity: number): number {
-    const firstLayer = this.velocityLayers[0];
-    const lastLayer = this.velocityLayers[this.velocityLayers.length - 1];
-    const velocityRange = Math.max(
-      0.001,
-      this.config.piano.velocityLayerMax - this.config.piano.velocityLayerMin
-    );
-    const normalizedVelocity = clamp01(
-      (noteVelocity - this.config.piano.velocityLayerMin) / velocityRange
-    );
-    const curvedVelocity = Math.pow(
-      normalizedVelocity,
-      this.config.piano.velocityLayerCurve
-    );
-
-    return firstLayer + (lastLayer - firstLayer) * curvedVelocity;
-  }
-
-  private getVelocityLayerPair(
-    targetLayer: number
-  ): { blend: number; lower: number; upper: number } | null {
-    const firstLayer = this.velocityLayers[0];
-    if (firstLayer === undefined) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    if (targetLayer <= firstLayer) {
-      return { blend: 0, lower: firstLayer, upper: firstLayer };
-    }
-
-    for (let index = 1; index < this.velocityLayers.length; index += 1) {
-      const upper = this.velocityLayers[index];
-      const lower = this.velocityLayers[index - 1];
-      if (targetLayer <= upper) {
-        return {
-          blend: (targetLayer - lower) / (upper - lower),
-          lower,
-          upper,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    const lastLayer = this.velocityLayers[this.velocityLayers.length - 1];
-    return { blend: 0, lower: lastLayer, upper: lastLayer };
-  }
-
-  private findNearestStrikeSample(
-    midi: number,
-    velocityLayer: number
-  ): LoadedPianoStrikeSample | null {
-    const layerSamples = this.strikeSamples.filter(
-      (sample) => sample.velocityLayer === velocityLayer
-    );
-    if (layerSamples.length === 0) {
+  private findNearestSample(midi: number): LoadedPianoSample | null {
+    if (this.samples.length === 0) {
       return null;
     }
 
-    return layerSamples.reduce((nearest, sample) =>
-      Math.abs(sample.midi - midi) < Math.abs(nearest.midi - midi) ? sample : nearest
-    );
-  }
-
-  private findNearestReleaseSample(midi: number): LoadedPianoReleaseSample | null {
-    if (this.releaseSamples.length === 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return this.releaseSamples.reduce((nearest, sample) =>
+    return this.samples.reduce((nearest, sample) =>
       Math.abs(sample.midi - midi) < Math.abs(nearest.midi - midi) ? sample : nearest
     );
   }
@@ -578,33 +245,6 @@ export class PianoSampler {
     this.activeVoices = this.activeVoices.filter((voice) => voice.stopAt > now);
   }
 
-  private stealQuietestVoice(now: number): void {
-    const quietestVoice = this.activeVoices.reduce<ActivePianoVoice | null>(
-      (quietest, voice) =>
-        quietest === null ||
-        this.getVoiceActivityScore(voice, now) < this.getVoiceActivityScore(quietest, now)
-          ? voice
-          : quietest,
-      null
-    );
-    if (!quietestVoice) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.stopVoice(quietestVoice, now);
-    this.activeVoices = this.activeVoices.filter((voice) => voice !== quietestVoice);
-  }
-
-  private getVoiceActivityScore(voice: ActivePianoVoice, now: number): number {
-    const ageSeconds = Math.max(0, now - voice.startedAt);
-    const releasedScale = now >= voice.releaseAt ? 0.28 : 1;
-    return (
-      voice.peakGain *
-      releasedScale *
-      Math.exp(-ageSeconds / this.config.piano.voiceDecayEstimateSeconds)
-    );
-  }
-
   private stopVoice(voice: ActivePianoVoice, now: number): void {
     const stopAt = now + pianoSamplerTuning.voiceStealStopSeconds;
 
@@ -614,23 +254,11 @@ export class PianoSampler {
       now,
       pianoSamplerTuning.voiceStealFadeSeconds
     );
-    voice.sources.forEach((source) => {
-      try {
-        source.stop(stopAt);
-      } catch {
-        // The source may already have ended naturally.
-      }
-    });
     voice.stopAt = stopAt;
+    voice.source.stop(stopAt);
   }
 
-  private setSamples(samples: LoadedPianoSamples): void {
-    this.releaseSamples = samples.releases.slice().sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi);
-    this.strikeSamples = samples.strikes
-      .slice()
-      .sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi || a.velocityLayer - b.velocityLayer);
-    this.velocityLayers = [
-      ...new Set(this.strikeSamples.map((sample) => sample.velocityLayer)),
-    ].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  private setSamples(samples: Array<LoadedPianoSample>): void {
+    this.samples = samples.slice().sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi);
   }
 }

src/audio/piano-samples.ts

@@ -1,29 +1,40 @@
-import { ErrorHandler, Severity } from '../utils/error-handler';
-import type {
-  LoadedPianoReleaseSample,
-  LoadedPianoSamples,
-  LoadedPianoStrikeSample,
-} from './garden-audio-types';
+import type { LoadedPianoSample } from './garden-audio-types';
+import a0SampleUrl from './samples/A0v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a1SampleUrl from './samples/A1v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a2SampleUrl from './samples/A2v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a3SampleUrl from './samples/A3v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a4SampleUrl from './samples/A4v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a5SampleUrl from './samples/A5v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a6SampleUrl from './samples/A6v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import a7SampleUrl from './samples/A7v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c1SampleUrl from './samples/C1v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c2SampleUrl from './samples/C2v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c3SampleUrl from './samples/C3v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c4SampleUrl from './samples/C4v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c5SampleUrl from './samples/C5v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c6SampleUrl from './samples/C6v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c7SampleUrl from './samples/C7v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import c8SampleUrl from './samples/C8v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp1SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp1v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp2SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp2v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp3SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp3v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp4SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp4v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp5SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp5v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp6SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp6v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import dSharp7SampleUrl from './samples/Dsharp7v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp1SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp1v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp2SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp2v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp3SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp3v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp4SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp4v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp5SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp5v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp6SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp6v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
+import fSharp7SampleUrl from './samples/Fsharp7v12.m4a?url&no-inline';
 
-interface PianoStrikeSampleDefinition {
-  kind: 'strike';
-  midi: number;
-  path: string;
-  url: string;
-  velocityLayer: number;
-}
-
-interface PianoReleaseSampleDefinition {
-  kind: 'release';
-  midi: number;
-  path: string;
+interface PianoSampleDefinition {
+  note: string;
   url: string;
 }
 
-type PianoSampleDefinition = PianoStrikeSampleDefinition | PianoReleaseSampleDefinition;
-
-type LoadedPianoSample = LoadedPianoStrikeSample | LoadedPianoReleaseSample;
-
 export interface PianoSampleLoadProgress {
   failedCount: number;
   loadedCount: number;
@@ -31,44 +42,54 @@ export interface PianoSampleLoadProgress {
   totalCount: number;
 }
 
-const pianoSampleModules = import.meta.glob('./samples/*.m4a', {
-  eager: true,
-  import: 'default',
-  query: '?url&no-inline',
-}) as Record<string, string>;
-const pianoSampleDefinitions = getPianoSampleDefinitions(pianoSampleModules);
+const pianoSampleDefinitions: Array<PianoSampleDefinition> = [
+  { url: a0SampleUrl, note: 'A0' },
+  { url: c1SampleUrl, note: 'C1' },
+  { url: dSharp1SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp1' },
+  { url: fSharp1SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp1' },
+  { url: a1SampleUrl, note: 'A1' },
+  { url: c2SampleUrl, note: 'C2' },
+  { url: dSharp2SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp2' },
+  { url: fSharp2SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp2' },
+  { url: a2SampleUrl, note: 'A2' },
+  { url: c3SampleUrl, note: 'C3' },
+  { url: dSharp3SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp3' },
+  { url: fSharp3SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp3' },
+  { url: a3SampleUrl, note: 'A3' },
+  { url: c4SampleUrl, note: 'C4' },
+  { url: dSharp4SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp4' },
+  { url: fSharp4SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp4' },
+  { url: a4SampleUrl, note: 'A4' },
+  { url: c5SampleUrl, note: 'C5' },
+  { url: dSharp5SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp5' },
+  { url: fSharp5SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp5' },
+  { url: a5SampleUrl, note: 'A5' },
+  { url: c6SampleUrl, note: 'C6' },
+  { url: dSharp6SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp6' },
+  { url: fSharp6SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp6' },
+  { url: a6SampleUrl, note: 'A6' },
+  { url: c7SampleUrl, note: 'C7' },
+  { url: dSharp7SampleUrl, note: 'Dsharp7' },
+  { url: fSharp7SampleUrl, note: 'Fsharp7' },
+  { url: a7SampleUrl, note: 'A7' },
+  { url: c8SampleUrl, note: 'C8' },
+];
 
-// The sampler degrades gracefully on a partial set: it picks the nearest
-// available strike per note, blends whatever velocity layers exist, and
-// treats release samples as optional. The core velocity layer is therefore
-// enough to start playing; the remaining layers and the release samples
-// stream in afterwards, published per completed layer so nearest-sample
-// lookups never see a half-loaded layer.
-const coreVelocityLayer = 8;
-const corePianoSampleDefinitions = pianoSampleDefinitions.filter(
-  (definition) =>
-    definition.kind === 'strike' && definition.velocityLayer === coreVelocityLayer
-);
-const backgroundPianoSamplePhases = getBackgroundPianoSamplePhases();
-
-const loadedSamplesByPath = new Map<string, LoadedPianoSample>();
-let publishedSamples: LoadedPianoSamples | null = null;
-let coreSampleLoadPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
-let isLoadingBackgroundSamples = false;
-const sampleSubscribers = new Set<(samples: LoadedPianoSamples) => void>();
+let loadedPianoSamples: Array<LoadedPianoSample> | null = null;
+let pianoSampleLoadPromise: Promise<Array<LoadedPianoSample>> | null = null;
 let lastPianoSampleProgress: PianoSampleLoadProgress | null = null;
 const pianoSampleProgressListeners = new Set<
   (progress: PianoSampleLoadProgress) => void
 >();
 
 const sampleLoadTuning = {
-  concurrency: 6,
+  concurrency: 4,
   sampleTimeoutMs: 15_000,
 };
 
 export const preloadPianoSamples = (
   onProgress?: (progress: PianoSampleLoadProgress) => void
-): Promise<void> => {
+): Promise<Array<LoadedPianoSample>> => {
   const OfflineAudioContextConstructor = globalThis.OfflineAudioContext;
 
   if (!OfflineAudioContextConstructor) {
@@ -79,178 +100,107 @@ export const preloadPianoSamples = (
 
   // Decoding ignores these, but the constructor demands real numbers.
   const decodeContext = new OfflineAudioContextConstructor(1, 1, 48_000);
-  return ensurePianoSamplesLoading(decodeContext, onProgress);
+  return loadPianoSamples(decodeContext, onProgress);
 };
 
-/**
- * Starts loading samples if needed and resolves once the core velocity layer
- * is playable. Failed samples are retried on the next call; background layers
- * keep streaming in after resolution.
- */
-export const ensurePianoSamplesLoading = (
+export const loadPianoSamples = (
   decodeContext: BaseAudioContext,
   onProgress?: (progress: PianoSampleLoadProgress) => void
-): Promise<void> => {
+): Promise<Array<LoadedPianoSample>> => {
   const unsubscribeProgress = subscribeToPianoSampleProgress(onProgress);
 
-  coreSampleLoadPromise ??= loadCoreSamples(decodeContext).catch((error: unknown) => {
-    coreSampleLoadPromise = null;
-    throw error;
-  });
-  coreSampleLoadPromise.then(
-    () => {
-      startBackgroundLoading(decodeContext);
-    },
-    () => undefined
-  );
-
-  return coreSampleLoadPromise.finally(unsubscribeProgress);
-};
-
-/**
- * Calls the listener with the currently published samples (if any) and again
- * whenever another batch finishes loading. Returns an unsubscribe function.
- */
-export const subscribeToPianoSamples = (
-  listener: (samples: LoadedPianoSamples) => void
-): (() => void) => {
-  sampleSubscribers.add(listener);
-  if (publishedSamples) {
-    listener(cloneLoadedPianoSamples(publishedSamples));
+  if (loadedPianoSamples) {
+    emitPianoSampleProgress({
+      failedCount: 0,
+      loadedCount: loadedPianoSamples.length,
+      settledCount: loadedPianoSamples.length,
+      totalCount: pianoSampleDefinitions.length,
+    });
+    unsubscribeProgress();
+    return Promise.resolve([...loadedPianoSamples]);
   }
-  return () => {
-    sampleSubscribers.delete(listener);
-  };
-};
 
-const loadCoreSamples = async (decodeContext: BaseAudioContext): Promise<void> => {
-  const pending = corePianoSampleDefinitions.filter(
-    (definition) => !loadedSamplesByPath.has(definition.path)
-  );
-  const totalCount = corePianoSampleDefinitions.length;
-  let loadedCount = totalCount - pending.length;
-  let settledCount = loadedCount;
+  if (pianoSampleLoadPromise) {
+    return pianoSampleLoadPromise.finally(unsubscribeProgress);
+  }
+
+  let loadedCount = 0;
   let failedCount = 0;
+  let settledCount = 0;
+  const totalCount = pianoSampleDefinitions.length;
   emitPianoSampleProgress({ failedCount, loadedCount, settledCount, totalCount });
 
-  await loadSamplesWithConcurrency(pending, async (definition) => {
-    try {
-      await loadPianoSample(decodeContext, definition);
-      loadedCount += 1;
-    } catch (error) {
-      failedCount += 1;
-      throw error;
-    } finally {
-      settledCount += 1;
-      emitPianoSampleProgress({ failedCount, loadedCount, settledCount, totalCount });
+  pianoSampleLoadPromise = loadPianoSampleBatch(
+    pianoSampleDefinitions,
+    async (sample) => {
+      try {
+        const loadedSample = await withTimeout(
+          (signal) => loadPianoSample(decodeContext, sample, signal),
+          sampleLoadTuning.sampleTimeoutMs
+        );
+        loadedCount += 1;
+        return loadedSample;
+      } catch (error) {
+        failedCount += 1;
+        throw error;
+      } finally {
+        settledCount += 1;
+        emitPianoSampleProgress({ failedCount, loadedCount, settledCount, totalCount });
+      }
     }
-  });
+  )
+    .then(
+      (samples) => {
+        loadedPianoSamples = samples.sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi);
+        if (loadedPianoSamples.length !== pianoSampleDefinitions.length) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Loaded ${loadedPianoSamples.length}/${pianoSampleDefinitions.length} piano samples.`
+          );
+        }
+        return [...loadedPianoSamples];
+      },
+      (error: unknown) => {
+        pianoSampleLoadPromise = null;
+        pianoSampleProgressListeners.clear();
+        throw error;
+      }
+    )
+    .finally(unsubscribeProgress);
 
-  publishLoadedSamples();
+  return pianoSampleLoadPromise;
 };
 
-const startBackgroundLoading = (decodeContext: BaseAudioContext): void => {
-  if (
-    isLoadingBackgroundSamples ||
-    loadedSamplesByPath.size === pianoSampleDefinitions.length
-  ) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  isLoadingBackgroundSamples = true;
-  loadBackgroundSamples(decodeContext).then(
-    () => {
-      isLoadingBackgroundSamples = false;
-    },
-    (error: unknown) => {
-      // The piano stays playable on the samples loaded so far; the next
-      // ensurePianoSamplesLoading call retries whatever is still missing.
-      isLoadingBackgroundSamples = false;
-      ErrorHandler.addException(error, {
-        fallbackMessage: 'Could not load all piano samples.',
-        severity: Severity.WARNING,
-      });
-    }
-  );
-};
-
-const loadBackgroundSamples = async (decodeContext: BaseAudioContext): Promise<void> => {
-  for (const phaseDefinitions of backgroundPianoSamplePhases) {
-    const pending = phaseDefinitions.filter(
-      (definition) => !loadedSamplesByPath.has(definition.path)
-    );
-    if (pending.length === 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    await loadSamplesWithConcurrency(pending, (definition) =>
-      loadPianoSample(decodeContext, definition)
-    );
-    publishLoadedSamples();
-  }
-};
+export const getLoadedPianoSamples = (): Array<LoadedPianoSample> | null =>
+  loadedPianoSamples ? [...loadedPianoSamples] : null;
 
 const loadPianoSample = async (
-  decodeContext: BaseAudioContext,
-  sample: PianoSampleDefinition
-): Promise<void> => {
-  const loadedSample = await withTimeout(
-    (signal) => fetchAndDecodePianoSample(decodeContext, sample, signal),
-    sampleLoadTuning.sampleTimeoutMs
-  );
-  loadedSamplesByPath.set(sample.path, loadedSample);
-};
-
-const fetchAndDecodePianoSample = async (
   decodeContext: BaseAudioContext,
   sample: PianoSampleDefinition,
   signal: AbortSignal
 ): Promise<LoadedPianoSample> => {
   const response = await fetch(sample.url, { signal });
   if (!response.ok) {
-    throw new Error(`Unable to load piano sample ${sample.path}`);
+    throw new Error(`Unable to load piano sample ${getPianoSamplePath(sample)}`);
   }
 
   const audioData = await response.arrayBuffer();
   const buffer = await decodeContext.decodeAudioData(audioData);
-  if (sample.kind === 'strike') {
-    return {
-      buffer,
-      midi: sample.midi,
-      velocityLayer: sample.velocityLayer,
-    };
-  }
-  return { buffer, midi: sample.midi };
+  return { midi: getMidiForPianoSample(sample), buffer };
 };
 
-/**
- * Runs the loads through a sliding window of workers so one slow sample only
- * occupies a single slot instead of stalling a whole batch.
- */
-const loadSamplesWithConcurrency = async (
+const loadPianoSampleBatch = async (
   samples: Array<PianoSampleDefinition>,
-  loadSample: (sample: PianoSampleDefinition) => Promise<void>
-): Promise<void> => {
-  let nextIndex = 0;
-  const workerCount = Math.min(sampleLoadTuning.concurrency, samples.length);
+  loadSample: (sample: PianoSampleDefinition) => Promise<LoadedPianoSample>
+): Promise<Array<LoadedPianoSample>> => {
+  const results: Array<LoadedPianoSample> = [];
 
-  await Promise.all(
-    Array.from({ length: workerCount }, async () => {
-      while (nextIndex < samples.length) {
-        const sample = samples[nextIndex];
-        nextIndex += 1;
-        await loadSample(sample);
-      }
-    })
-  );
-};
+  for (let index = 0; index < samples.length; index += sampleLoadTuning.concurrency) {
+    const batch = samples.slice(index, index + sampleLoadTuning.concurrency);
+    const batchResults = await Promise.all(batch.map((sample) => loadSample(sample)));
+    results.push(...batchResults);
+  }
 
-const publishLoadedSamples = (): void => {
-  const samples = sortLoadedPianoSamples([...loadedSamplesByPath.values()]);
-  publishedSamples = samples;
-  sampleSubscribers.forEach((listener) => {
-    listener(cloneLoadedPianoSamples(samples));
-  });
+  return results;
 };
 
 const withTimeout = <T>(
@@ -297,73 +247,13 @@ const emitPianoSampleProgress = (progress: PianoSampleLoadProgress): void => {
   pianoSampleProgressListeners.forEach((listener) => listener(progress));
 };
 
-function getBackgroundPianoSamplePhases(): Array<Array<PianoSampleDefinition>> {
-  const strikes = pianoSampleDefinitions.filter(
-    (definition) => definition.kind === 'strike'
-  );
-  const releases = pianoSampleDefinitions.filter(
-    (definition) => definition.kind === 'release'
-  );
-  // Layers closest to the core layer first: they are blended in soonest by
-  // getVelocityLayerPair; ties resolve to the louder layer.
-  const remainingLayers = [...new Set(strikes.map((strike) => strike.velocityLayer))]
-    .filter((layer) => layer !== coreVelocityLayer)
-    .sort(
-      (a, b) => Math.abs(a - coreVelocityLayer) - Math.abs(b - coreVelocityLayer) || b - a
-    );
+const getPianoSamplePath = (sample: PianoSampleDefinition): string =>
+  `./samples/${sample.note}v12.m4a`;
 
-  return [
-    releases,
-    ...remainingLayers.map((layer) =>
-      strikes.filter((strike) => strike.velocityLayer === layer)
-    ),
-  ];
-}
-
-function getPianoSampleDefinitions(
-  modules: Record<string, string>
-): Array<PianoSampleDefinition> {
-  return Object.entries(modules)
-    .map(([path, url]) => getPianoSampleDefinition(path, url))
-    .sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi || getSampleSortValue(a) - getSampleSortValue(b));
-}
-
-function getPianoSampleDefinition(path: string, url: string): PianoSampleDefinition {
-  const filename = path.split('/').pop() ?? path;
-  const strikeMatch = /^(?<note>[A-G](?:sharp)?\d+)v(?<velocityLayer>\d+)\.m4a$/.exec(
-    filename
-  );
-  if (strikeMatch?.groups) {
-    return {
-      kind: 'strike',
-      midi: getMidiForPianoSampleNote(strikeMatch.groups.note),
-      path,
-      url,
-      velocityLayer: Number(strikeMatch.groups.velocityLayer),
-    };
-  }
-
-  const releaseMatch = /^rel(?<releaseIndex>\d+)\.m4a$/.exec(filename);
-  if (releaseMatch?.groups) {
-    return {
-      kind: 'release',
-      midi: getMidiForReleaseSample(Number(releaseMatch.groups.releaseIndex)),
-      path,
-      url,
-    };
-  }
-
-  throw new Error(`Invalid piano sample filename ${path}`);
-}
-
-function getSampleSortValue(sample: PianoSampleDefinition): number {
-  return sample.kind === 'strike' ? sample.velocityLayer : Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
-}
-
-function getMidiForPianoSampleNote(note: string): number {
-  const match = /^(?<name>[A-G])(?<accidental>sharp)?(?<octave>\d+)$/.exec(note);
+const getMidiForPianoSample = (sample: PianoSampleDefinition): number => {
+  const match = /^(?<name>[A-G])(?<accidental>sharp)?(?<octave>\d+)$/.exec(sample.note);
   if (!match?.groups) {
-    throw new Error(`Invalid piano sample note ${note}`);
+    throw new Error(`Invalid piano sample note ${sample.note}`);
   }
 
   const semitoneByName: Record<string, number> = {
@@ -378,25 +268,4 @@ function getMidiForPianoSampleNote(note: string): number {
   const octave = Number(match.groups.octave);
   const semitone = semitoneByName[match.groups.name] + (match.groups.accidental ? 1 : 0);
   return (octave + 1) * 12 + semitone;
-}
-
-function getMidiForReleaseSample(releaseIndex: number): number {
-  const pianoLowestMidi = 21;
-  return pianoLowestMidi + releaseIndex - 1;
-}
-
-const sortLoadedPianoSamples = (
-  samples: Array<LoadedPianoSample>
-): LoadedPianoSamples => ({
-  releases: samples
-    .filter((sample): sample is LoadedPianoReleaseSample => !('velocityLayer' in sample))
-    .sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi),
-  strikes: samples
-    .filter((sample): sample is LoadedPianoStrikeSample => 'velocityLayer' in sample)
-    .sort((a, b) => a.midi - b.midi || a.velocityLayer - b.velocityLayer),
-});
-
-const cloneLoadedPianoSamples = (samples: LoadedPianoSamples): LoadedPianoSamples => ({
-  releases: [...samples.releases],
-  strikes: [...samples.strikes],
-});
+};